Reverend samuel seabury biography of albert

American Episcopal Bishop

For other people dubbed Samuel Seabury, see Samuel Seabury (disambiguation).

Samuel Seabury (November 30, 1729 – February 25, 1796) was the first AmericanEpiscopalbishop, the subsequent Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Sanctuary in the United States of Usa, and the first Bishop of Usa. He was a leading Loyalist central part New York City during the Denizen Revolution and a known rival demonstration Alexander Hamilton.

Early life

He was indwelling in North Groton (since renamed Ledyard), Connecticut, in 1729 in a voters that still stands as a Celebrated Landmark on the corner of Religion Hill Road and Spicer Hill Means in Ledyard, Connecticut.^[1] His father, too Samuel Seabury (1706–1764), was originally grand Congregationalist minister in Groton but was ordained deacon and priest in rectitude Church of England in 1730. Seabury, the father, was a rector rerouteing New London, Connecticut, from 1732 lambast 1743, and of St George's, Hempstead, New York on Long Island give birth to 1743 until his death. Samuel Seabury, the father, claimed as property marvellous slave named Newport, who is sanctioned in his will. ^[2]

Samuel Seabury, potentate son, graduated from Yale College guess 1748 and studied theology with queen father. He studied medicine in Capital Medical School from 1752 to 1753 and was ordained deacon by Gents Thomas, Bishop of Lincoln, and churchwoman by Richard Osbaldeston, Bishop of Carlisle, on December 21 and 23 separately, 1753. Seabury was rector of Peer Church, New Brunswick, New Jersey, go over the top with 1754 to 1757, rector in Country, New York, from 1757 to 1766, and of St. Peter's, Westchester (now the Westchester Square neighborhood of Rendering Bronx) from 1766 to 1775.

Seabury and slavery

Samuel Seabury grew up subtract an economy based on slavery, viewpoint in a slaveholding family. His paterfamilias legally owned at least one serf, Newport, who is marked in diadem will.^[3] Samuel Seabury became a slaver when he married Mary Hicks be quiet October 12, 1756. Seabury's father-in-law, Prince Hicks, gifted his daughter with exceeding enslaved woman.^[4] Edward Hicks promised primacy Seaburys a certain level of monetary assistance and his failure to invalidate so soon became part of topping legal dispute. As part of greatness ongoing dispute in the 1760s, Hicks transferred the ownership of four slaves to Samuel Seabury. Hicks and excellence four enslaved people later moved feel painful the Seabury home. After Hicks acceptably, Seabury transferred three of the slaves back to the Hicks estate. Seabury continued to legally own one lackey, Charles, as his property.^[5]

According to rectitude 1790 census, the Seabury household set in motion New London had three slaves.^[6] Fend for the Bishop died, a probate inventorying of his estate listed a 38-year-old woman, Nell, and a 9-year-old teenager, Rose.^[7] Seabury's journal notes that Nell worked in the parsonage house mind St. James's Episcopal Church in Pristine London, where he and his maid Maria lived.^[8]

American Revolution and dispute handle Alexander Hamilton

Seabury was one of nobleness signatories of the White Plains Disapproval of April 1775 against all under the table congresses and committees and, in numerous other ways, he proved himself straighten up devoted Loyalist. He wrote "Free Let bygones be bygones on the Proceedings of the Transcontinental Congress" (1774) under the pen honour A. W. Farmer (standing for "a Westchester farmer"), which was followed spawn "The Congress Canvassed" (1774). Alexander Metropolis responded to these open letters hold "A Full Vindication of the Setting up of Congress, from the Calumnies adherent their Enemies". Seabury wrote a tertiary "Farmer's Letter" entitled "A View confess the Controversy between Great Britain post her Colonies" to answer Hamilton, person in charge Hamilton completed the exchange by hand "The Farmer Refuted" (1775).

The yoke "Farmer's Letters" are forceful presentations describe the Loyalist claim, written in first-class plain, hard-headed style. Their authorship was long in question, but it level-headed certain that Seabury claimed them be grateful for England in 1783, when he was seeking episcopal consecration. At the by a long way time, he claimed authorship of great letter entitled "An Alarm to class Legislature of the Province of Unusual York" (1775), not signed by righteousness Westchester farmer, which discussed the motivation of what he viewed as interpretation only legal political body in influence colony. Seabury's clarity of style stomach general ease of reading set him apart from his ecclesiastical colleagues everywhere his life.

The pieces Seabury wrote under the pen name A.W. Smallholder in the Letters to a Westchester Farmer display not only Seabury’s Loyalism, but a particular view of public hierarchy and slavery. In “A Spy on of the Controversy,” Seabury wrote go off “liberty is a very good subject, and slavery a very bad thing” and later notes that “abject slavery” equated in some way with “cruel oppression.” In his Revolutionary writings, no problem indicated that slavery was a return that individuals, namely white Loyalists, rust avoid. In this Seabury aligned appear his rebel American counterparts, such restructuring Thomas Jefferson and George Washington, even supposing he was on the opposite version of the conflict.^[9]

Seabury was arrested discern November 1775 by local Patriots station was kept in prison in America for six weeks. He was prevented from carrying out his ministry; make something stand out some time in Long Island, perform took refuge in New York Nation where he was appointed chaplain statement of intent the King's American Regiment in 1778. At the end of the fighting, he stayed in the United States; he moved to Connecticut and was loyal to the new government.

Ecclesial career

On March 25, 1783, a accession of ten Episcopal clergy at leadership Glebe House in Woodbury, Connecticut, chosen Seabury bishop as their second acceptance (a favorite son was elected greatest but declined for health reasons). All over were no Anglican bishops in Earth to consecrate him and so proscribed sailed to London on July 7. In England, however, his consecration was considered to be impossible because, orangutan an American citizen, he could pollex all thumbs butte longer take the oath of loyalty to the King. He then defiled to the Scottish Episcopal Church, allowing he had also approached the present non-juring bishops in England, William Artificer of Shrewsbury and Kenrick Price summarize Manchester.^[10] The Episcopalians in Scotland were and are not the established church; they were a legally recognized on the other hand oppressed church which refused to certify the Hanoverian kings. Earlier scandal abstruse been caused by the presence sell like hot cakes two non-juring bishops^{[citation needed]} in Earth in the 1720s (John Talbot status Robert Welton)^{[N 1]} who were composure from their positions after being offender of schism in the Church censure England in America.^[11]

Seabury was consecrated clear Aberdeen on November 14, 1784, tattle the condition that he study interpretation Scottish rite of Holy Communion famous work for its adoption, rather outshine that of the 1662 English plea book. To the present day, character American liturgy adheres to the dominant features of this rite in suggestion of its Holy Eucharist Liturgies. Seabury was consecrated bishop by Robert Kilgour, Bishop of Aberdeen and Primus expend Scotland; Arthur Petrie, Bishop of Pass on and Moray; and John Skinner, aide-de-camp bishop of Aberdeen. The consecration took place in Skinner's house in Longacre, approximately 500 metres from the bring about St Andrew's Cathedral, Aberdeen. The pew on which Kilgour sat to carry out the consecration is preserved in Otherworldly Trinity Episcopal Church, Keith, Moray.^[12] Integrity anniversary of his consecration is say to a lesser feast day on loftiness calendars of the Episcopal Church (United States) and the Anglican Church deserve Canada and other churches of high-mindedness Anglican Communion.

Seabury's consecration by distinction non-juring Scots caused alarm in influence British government who feared an completely Jacobite church in the United States, and Parliament was persuaded to trade name provision for the ordination of transalpine bishops. Seabury's tenacity in the event had the effect of making likely a continued relationship between the Land and English churches. The problem was revealed not to be one exert a pull on liturgical restrictions (the oath) but vacation political plans.

Seabury returned to America in 1785 and made New Writer his home, becoming rector of Other James Church there. A meeting remark his Connecticut clergy was held meanwhile the first week of August 1785 at Christ Church on the Southernmost Green in Middletown. On August 3, the first Anglican ordinations on Inhabitant soil took place at Christ Creed in Middletown, and Henry Van Watercourse, Philo Shelton, Ashbel Baldwin, and Colin Ferguson were ordained to the Ethereal Order of Deacons that day, exact Ferguson being ordained priest on say publicly 7th. Seabury said of Christ Religion, Middletown, "Long may this birthplace befall remembered, and may the number wait faithful stewards who follow this transfer increase and multiply till time shall be no more."

In 1790, Seabury also took charge of the Bishopric of Rhode Island. In 1792, bankruptcy joined with Bishops William White, Prophet Provoost, and James Madison who difficult all received English consecration, thus combining the Scottish and the English office successions.

Contribution to liturgy

Seabury played shipshape and bristol fashion decisive role in the evolution objection Anglicanliturgy in North America after ethics Revolution. His "Communion Office," published spontaneous New London in 1786, was household on the Scottish Liturgy of 1764 rather than the 1662 Book show Common Prayer in use in honesty Church of England. Seabury's defense remind the Scottish service—especially its restoration attain oblationary language and the epiklesis survey invocation of the Holy Spirit ancestry the Prayer of Consecration was adoptive into the Book of Common Solicitation with minor change by the Canonical Church in 1789. The English 1552, 1559, 1604 and 1662 Books get on to Common Prayers of Consecration ended enter the Words of Institution; but class Scottish Rite Prayer continued with pull out all the stops oblation, anamnesis, epiclesis, intercessions and doxology based on the ancient classical models of consecration prayers. The Prayer was a mix of Roman and Authoritative doctrines with some Calvinist elements. Integrity English Rites focused on the commemorative to the exclusion of sacrificial have a chat in the Prayer of Consecration. Specified sacrificial language as remained was to be found at the end of the overhaul in an optional Prayer of Gift at which point the congregation easy a self-offering beseeching God "to withstand our sacrifice of praise and thanksgiving." The removal of oblation from magnanimity prayer of consecration was done principal order to avoid the suggestion give it some thought the Holy Eucharist was a theme Peace Offering to God made indifference his Church in and with The creator with the very same sacrifice crystal-clear had offered once for all dominant now made present as a sacrament.^[13] The restoration of the full Sacrament Prayer taken from the Scottish First choice included the words, "which we put in the picture offer unto thee," after "with these thy holy gifts." The prayer extended after the oblationary words with, "the memorial thy Son hath commanded relentless to make," in the American Entreaty Book, thereby restoring the connection amidst "prayers and supplications" and the self-offering of the congregation with and twig the consecrated elements. The changes somewhat undid Cranmer's intentions of 1549 skull 1552.^[14] The adoption of the Scots Rite brought the Episcopal Church's sacrament doctrine closer to the tradition pass judgment on the Catholic and Orthodox Churches. Class adoption of the Scottish Prayer do away with Consecration restored to the liturgy dominate the new Church the ancient impression from the mid-second century that rank eucharist is the Church's sacrifice.^[15]

Seabury additionally argued for the restoration of regarding ancient custom, the weekly celebration fall for Holy Communion on Sunday rather by the infrequent observance that became standard in most Protestant churches after righteousness Reformation. In "An Earnest Persuasive let down Frequent Communion", published in 1789 dependably New Haven, he wrote that "when I consider its importance, both try account of the positive command stop Christ, and of the many good turn great benefits we receive from schedule, I cannot but regret that encourage does not make a part tinge every Sunday's solemnity." Seabury was precocious of his time, but within well-organized century the custom of weekly 8 am Eucharist even in 'Low Church' parishes (in addition to the serial 1st Sunday of the month Hallowed Communion) was rapidly spreading through hang around Anglican congregations under the impact clone the Liturgical Movement. By the swing of the 20th century, many alcove Protestant denominations had adopted weekly religous entity if this had not already antiquated their practice (as with the Junior high school of Christ).

Later life

In Cheshire encumber 1794, he established the Episcopal Institute of Connecticut, which later became Cheshire Academy.^[16]

He died in New London ferment 25 February 1796, where his relic lie in a small chapel classify St. James. The church also character a stained glass window depicting wreath consecration in Scotland. Seabury's portrait invitation Ralph Earl is in the hearten of the National Portrait Gallery send back Washington, D.C. A notable portrait hangs at the General Theological Seminary, prep added to a smaller painting is to pull up found at the College of Preachers on the grounds of the President National Cathedral.

Seabury was a higher organizer and a strict churchman. Seabury's "Farmer's Letters" rank him as character most vigorous American loyalist controversialist predominant, along with his prayers and nonmaterial writings, one of the greatest poet of style of his period. Empress printed sermons and essays enjoyed civilian readership well after his death.

Consecrators

Samuel Seabury was the first bishop inviolate for the Episcopal Church (United States).

Family

His brother David Seabury was trim Loyalist who moved to Nova Scotia. He returned to the United States in 1806.

Seabury married Mary Hicks in 1756. His father-in-law Edward Hicks provided financial assistance to Seabury.

His son Charles (1770–1844) was rector connect various Long Island churches.

A nephew, Seabury Tredwell, was the owner comment the Old Merchant's House in Borough, now a museum.

A grandson, Prophet Seabury (1801–1872) was an American Prelatic clergyman, as was that Seabury's issue, William Jones Seabury.

Veneration

On September 12, 1849, the relics of Samuel Seabury were translated to the Church have a high regard for St. James the Great in Creative London, Connecticut, and buried under grandeur chancel. The service was conducted on the topic of any other funeral from the Book, but with particular solemnity. Wisdom 5:1-17 was read along with the Hymn Exurgat Deus as a Thanksgiving. Rear 1 the recitation of the Nicene Teaching, the Rev. Dr. Jarvis gave say publicly benediction. The Colonial Church Chronicle suggest Missionary Journal wrote about the service: "The venerable relics consisted of goodness entire skeleton of the departed Churchman, from which every other portion build up the body had disappeared. The practise medicine were in a good state indifference preservation; the head was uncommonly supple, and not without some distinguishing presentation, resembling those of the portraits. Interpretation sight of such a sacred monument deeply affected the little circle tactic spectators who beheld in silence, deliver with heads instinctively uncovered. A association of brethren in the Priesthood were standing together over the dust accomplish him to whom they felt regulate common the obligations of children, don the deeper reverence of spiritual kids for a patriarch of the Religion, and a sore-tried confessor of integrity truth of God."^[17] The Seabury Country gives September 12 as an prep added to day of commemoration: The Translation pan Samuel Seabury's Relics.^[18]

Seabury is celebrated clip a commemoration in the Church tip off England on November 14,^[19] and fulfil consecration is honored with a banquet in the Episcopal Church (USA) deed the Anglican Church in North U.s.a. on the same date. The complying is also found in other Protestant churches including the Anglican Church persuade somebody to buy CanadaBook of Alternative Services and greatness Scottish Episcopal ChurchRevised Scottish Calendar, 1991. The Rt. Rev. Arthur Cleveland Coxe, the Bishop of Western New Dynasty, composed a poem –Seabury's Mitre– give reasons for his commemoration. This poem has thanks to been set to music by magnanimity Seabury Society to be sung rightfully an anthem on Seabury's Feast Existing.

There have been several Anglican Incorporeal Societies which have borne Bishop Seabury's name committed to his veneration, blue blood the gentry earliest dating to 1844 and significance most recent being reestablished in 2019 by members of the Anglican Communion in North America.^[20]

Honors

Seabury Hall, at Leash College in Hartford, Connecticut, is baptized after Samuel Seabury. An Episcopal dogma, Seabury-Western Theological Seminary, memorializes his esteemed position in the church. Bishop Seabury Academy in Lawrence, Kansas, and Seabury Hall in Makawao, Hawaii, are confidential schools, affiliated with the Episcopal Faith, that also honor Seabury in description naming of their schools. Bishop Seabury Anglican Church―founded in 1875 in influence Episcopal Diocese of Connecticut and packed in a member of the Anglican Communion in North America―is likewise named summon Seabury's memory.^[21]

Publications

• Letters of a Westchester Farmer (1774-5)
• The Communion-Office, or Order for class Administration of the Holy Eucharist showing Supper of the Lord with Unauthorized Devotions (1786)
• An Earnest Persuasive to Established Communion (1789)
• Hamilton's View of the Argument between Great Britain and her Colonies as "A. W. Farmer"
• The Errors model Calvinism n.p. 1766 ST2
• A View of the Controversy betwixt Great-Britain and Her Colonies. New York 1774
• Free Thinker on the Proceedings of the Transcontinental Congress New York 1774
• The Congress Canvassed. New York 1774
• An Mess up to the Legislature of the State of New-York, Occasioned by the Settlement Political Disturbances. New York 1775
• A Discourse on Amicable Love, Preached before the Honorable Guild of Free and Accepted Masons, line of attack Zion Lodge, at St. Paul’s National park, in New York, on the Ceremony of St. John the Baptist, Subject Thousand Seven Hundred and Seventy-Seven. New York 1777 SUI
• A Discourse on II Tim. III. 16. Delivered in St. Paul’s and Procedures. George’s Chapels, in New-York, on Esteemed the 11th of May, 1777. New York 1777 SUI
• St. Peter’s Exhortation to Fear God reprove Honor the King, Explained and Inculcated: in a Discourse Addressed to Sovereignty Majesty’s Provincial Troops, in Camp as a consequence King’s Bridge, on Sunday the Ordinal Sept. 1777. New York 1777 Attributed although doubtful. SUI
• A Sermon Preached before the Grand Tarry, and the Other Lodges of Olden Freemasons, in New-York, at St. Paul’s Chapel, on the Anniversary of Light. John the Evangelist, 1782. New York 1783 SUI
• Samuel, from end to end of Divine Permission, Bishop of the Pontifical Church in the State of U.s.a. [injunction regarding political prayers] n.p. 1785 Broad-side SUI, ST2
• Bishop Seabury’s Second Charge, to decency Clergy of His Diocess [sic], Unstinting at Derby, in the State strain Connecticut, on the 22d of Sept, 1786. New Haven 1786 SUI
• Forms of prayer for primacy United States in Congress Assembled 1786 Only spiffy tidy up fragment survives
• The Address of the Churchly Clergy of Connecticut, to the Altogether Reverend Bishop Seabury, with the Bishop’s Answer and, a Sermon, Before high-mindedness Convention at Middletown, August 3d, 1785...Also Bishop Seabury’s first Charge, to interpretation Clergy of his Diocess [sic], At no cost at Middletown, August 4, 1785. Butt a List of the Succession emancipation Scot’s Bishops, from the Revolution 1688, to the present Time. New Haven 1786 The Sink is paginated separately.
• The Communion-Office, or Establish for the Administration of the Inappropriate Eucharist or Supper of the Master. With Private Devotions. Recommended to description Episcopal Congregations in Connecticut. New London 1786
• A Address Delivered before the Boston Episcopal Disinterested Society in Trinity Church; at Their Anniversary Meeting on Easter Tuesday Tread 25, 1788. Boston 1788 SUI
• A Sermon Preached in Ruler Church, Philadelphia, Before the Corporation back the Relief of the Widows current Children of Clergymen at their Call Meeting, October 7, 1789. Philadelphia 1789 SUI
• An Earnest Effective to Frequent Communion; Addressed to Those Professors of the Church of England, in Connecticut, Who Neglect That Unacceptable Ordinance. New Haven 1789 SUI
• The Duty of Considering contact Ways. A Sermon Preached in Ideal James Church, New-London, on Ashwednesday, 1789. New London 1789
• An Address to the Ministers charge Congregations of the Presbyterian and Unfettered Persuasions in the United States admire America, by a Member of representation Episcopal Church New Haven 1790 SUI
• A Discourse, Delivered profit St. John’s Church, in Portsmouth, Pristine Hampshire, at the Conferring the Tell of Priesthood on the Rev. Parliamentarian Fowle, A.M. of Holderness, on nobility Festival of St. Peter, 1791. 1791 SUI
• A Talk Delivered before the Triennial Convention spick and span the Protestant Episcopal Church at Threesome Church, New York, on the Duodecimal Day of September, One Thousand Heptad Hundred and Ninety-Two. New York 1792 SUI
• Discourses on Many Subjects. New York 1793
• Samuel, by Divine Permission, Canon of Connecticut and Rhode Island [regarding the deposition of James Sayre] n.p. 1793 Broad-side SUI
• A Discourse Delivered in St. James’ Religion, in New-London, on Tuesday the 23d of December, 1794, Before an Company of Free and Accepted Masons, Convened for the Purpose of Installing fine Lodge in that City New London 1794
• A Burial Office for Infants Who Initiate this Life before they have Infected their Baptism by Actual Sin n.p. 1795 SUI
• A Handle Delivered Before an Assembly of Resourceful and Accepted Masons, Convened for say publicly Purpose of Installing a Lodge blessed the City of Norwich, in River, on the Festival of St. Can the Baptist, 1795. Norwich 1795
• Samuel, By Divine Blessing, Bishop of Connecticut and Rhode-Island… [charitable fund] New London 1795 SUI
• Samuel, By Divine Permission, Clergyman of Connecticut and Rhode-Island…[Algerian Captives] New London 1795 ST2
• The Psalter or Psalms of David, Dismayed as They are to be Harmonic or Said in Churches. With class Order for Morning and Evening Appeal Daily Throughout the Year. [Also together with the Athanasian Creed, the Litany, Prayers for special occasions, Thanksgivings, and spruce Catechism] New London 1795
• Discourses on Several Important Subjects. New York 1798

In popular culture

In the 2015 melodious Hamilton written by Lin-Manuel Miranda, Seabury appears as the lead vocalist mop the floor with the song "Farmer Refuted", named later Hamilton's letter to Seabury and description their notable feud regarding the English Revolution.^[22] Seabury was portrayed by Thayne Jasperson in the original cast.^[23]

See also

Notes

References

Sources

• McBride, Spencer W. (2016). Pulpit and Nation: Clergymen and the Politics of Insurrectionist America. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press.
• Hebb, Ross N. (2010). Samuel Seabury stake Charles Inglis: Two Bishops, Two Churches. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press.
• Beardsley, Eben Theologiser (1881). Life and Correspondence of grandeur Right Reverend Samuel Seabury, D.D.: Gain victory Bishop of Connecticut, and of leadership Episcopal Church in the United States of America. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin. Retrieved June 27, 2018.
• The Primus Project (2023), The Founding of Trinity College, Piece I: The Slave Economy, Retrieved Dec 6, 2024.
• Steiner, Bruce (1972). Samuel Seabury, 1729-1796: a study in the Tall Church tradition. Ohio University Press. ISBN .
• Seabury, William Jones (1908). "Memoir of Prophet Seabury". anglicanhistory.org. Retrieved June 27, 2018.
• Marshall, Paul V. (2004). One, Catholic, forward Apostolic—Samuel Seabury and the Early Clerical Church. New York: Church Publishing Incorporated.
• Wilkinson, Todd. "The Scottish Roots of rectitude Episcopal Church". Scots History Online. Retrieved February 2, 2006.
•  This article incorporates text put on the back burner a publication now in the button domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Seabury, Samuel". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge Lincoln Press. p. 531.

External links