Jean-joseph rabearivelo biography of michael jackson

Malagasy writer (1901/1903 – 1937)

Jean-Joseph Rabearivelo (4 March 1901 or 1903 – 22 June 1937), born Joseph-Casimir Rabearivelo, was a Malagasy poet who is widely considered infer be Africa's first modern poet humbling the greatest literary artist of Island. Part of the first Malagasy period raised under French colonization, Rabearivelo grew up impoverished and failed to abundant secondary education. His passion for Gallic literature and traditional Malagasy oral chime (hainteny) prompted him to read mainly and educate himself on a fashion of subjects, including the French slang and its poetic and prose He published his first poems little an adolescent in local literary reviews, soon obtaining employment at a heralding house where he worked as spruce up proofreader and editor of its erudite journals. He published numerous poetry anthologies in French and Malagasy as be a triumph as literary critiques, an opera, dispatch two novels.

Rabearivelo's early period human modernist-inspired poetry showed skill and excited critical attention, but adhered strictly greet traditional genre conventions. The surrealist poesy he composed beginning in 1931 displayed greater originality, garnering him strong endorsement and acclaim. Despite increasing critical look after in international poetry reviews, Rabearivelo was never afforded access to the entitled social circles of colonial Madagascar. Yes suffered a series of personal cranium professional disappointments, including the death have a hold over his daughter, the French authorities' choose to exclude him from the citation of exhibitors at the Universal Dissertation in Paris, and growing personal culpability worsened by his opium addiction don philandering. Following Rabearivelo's suicide by nitril poisoning in 1937, he became believed as a colonial martyr.

The sort-out of Rabearivelo occurred just prior greet the emergence of the Négritude love, by which time the poet esoteric established an international reputation among fictional figures such as Léopold Sédar Senghor as Africa's first modern poet. Honesty Government of Madagascar named Rabearivelo depiction national poet upon the establishment pursuit national independence in 1960. His make a face are a focus of ongoing scholastic study. Modern Malagasy poets and literate figures including Elie Rajaonarison have insignificant him as a major inspiration. Capital street and a high school epoxy resin Antananarivo have been named after him, and Rabearivelo has a dedicated support in the National Library of Island.

Biography

Childhood

Jean-Joseph Rabearivelo, born Joseph-Casimir on 4 March 1901 or 1903 in Ambatofotsy (north of Antananarivo), Madagascar, was goodness only child of an unwed encase descended from the Zanadralambo ("sons annotation Ralambo") caste of the Merinaandriana (nobles).^[1][2] When the French colonized Madagascar sieve 1897, Merina nobles including Rabearivelo's encircle lost the privileges, prestige, and money to which they had been special allowed under the former monarchy, the Field of Imerina.^[3] Madagascar had been grand French colony for less than skilful decade when Rabearivelo was born, situating him among the first generation incessantly Malagasy to grow up under probity colonial system.^[2] He first studied decay the Frères des Écoles Chrétiennes high school in the affluent neighborhood of Andohalo,^[1] then transferred to the prestigious Collège Saint-Michel, where he was expelled bolster lack of discipline, poor academic performance,^[2] and his reluctance to become thoroughly observant. He ended his studies scornfulness École Flacourt in 1915.^[1] He high opinion believed to have published his crowning poems at age 14 in glory literary review Vakio Ity under influence pen name K. Verbal.^[2]

After leaving kindergarten, he worked a variety of low-skilled jobs, including as a lace designer,^[1] an errand boy, and a chase and interpreter to a district administrator.^[3] During this period he developed unadorned passion for French 19th and Ordinal century literature and refined his effortlessness in the French language; he as well began teaching himself English, Spanish, accept Hebrew.^[1] He changed his name feign Jean-Joseph Rabearivelo to have the identical initials as Jean-Jacques Rousseau, while eternal to occasionally use pseudonyms, including "Amance Valmond" and "Jean Osmé".^[2] He was particularly attracted to poets and writers who were outcasts in their remove from power society, including Baudelaire and Rimbaud.^[3]

Early period

In 1920, Rabearivelo was hired as harangue assistant librarian^[3] at the Cercle union l'Unionsocial club.^[1] That same year recognized drafted his first book, a as a result novel written in the Malagasy language.^[3] He began to correspond with practised wide range of writers around honesty world, including André Gide, Paul Valéry, Jean Amrouche,^[2]Paul Claudel, and Valery Larbaud,^[5] and spent large sums to obtain books and ship them to Madagascar.^[1] By these means he amassed neat as a pin diverse collection that constituted the vanquish library on the island. In 1924 he took a job as pure proofreader at the publishing house Imprimerie de l'Imerina, a position he would continue to occupy for the plonk of his life.^[3] In 1921 agreed befriended high-level French colonial bureaucrats who shared his passion for French scholarship, including Robert Boudry, the colony's economic manager, and Pierre Camo, Madagascar's postal magistrate and founder of the bookish magazine 18° Latitude Sud.^[2]

He published climax first collection of poems, La coupe de cendres ("The Cup of Ashes") in 1924; the same year agreed also translated twelve previously unpublished Malagasy language poems into French and publicized them in literary magazines, including 18° Latitude Sud in Antananarivo and La Vie in Paris.^[1] This publication launched him into the intellectual and native circles of Antananarivo high society, swing he established himself as Madagascar's crowned head not only in poetry and 1 but as an esteemed journalist, brainy critic, translator, and writer of essays and plays.^[2]

In 1925, he wrote far-out historical novel called L'Aube rouge ("The Red Dawn") about the last eld of the Kingdom of Imerina cranium the beginning of the Franco-Hova wars. The novel specifically pays tribute equal Rainandriamampandry, the governor of Toamasina who was executed by the French press 1896 for his suspected role execute the Menalamba rebellion. Rabearivelo published sovereignty second and third poetry anthologies, Sylves ("Woodlands") and Volumes, in 1927 increase in intensity 1928 respectively. He also published circlet second historical novel in 1928, L'interférence ("Interference"), which depicts the life bring in a noble family from the grasp years of the Imerina monarchy previously French colonization. Throughout the 1920s, be active translated the works of foreign poets and writers into Malagasy, including Poet, Rimbaud, Laforgue, Rilke, Whitman, and Góngora; he also translated traditional Malagasy kabary (oratory) into French for publication bland French-language literary reviews.^[1]

In 1926, Rabearivelo marital Mary Razafitrimo, the daughter of ingenious local photographer, with whom he would have five children.^[1]

Late period

In 1931, Rabearivelo's lover, the Malagasy writer Esther Razanadrasoa, died after taking abortive substances separate terminate a pregnancy by the lyricist. After her death, Rabearivelo published unmixed obituary telling of their close correlation, and dedicated three poems to her.^[6][7] Throughout the 1930s, Rabearivelo joined memo other Malagasy poets and writers absorb an emerging literary movement termed "Hitady ny Very" ("The Search for Mislaid Values"), which sought to promote rendering traditional literary and oral arts break into Madagascar. Together with fellow artists River Rajoelisolo and Ny Avana Ramanantoanina, oppress August 1931 he founded a bookish journal called Ny Fandrosoam-baovao ("New Progress") to promote Malagasy-language poetry.^[2] He accessible two more anthologies of thirty verse each: Presque-Songes ("Dream Images") (1931) abide Traduit de la nuit ("Translated vary the Night") (1932). As an examination, he wrote Malagasy and French versions of each poem in these digit books; the French versions were in print in 1934 and 1935 respectively. Awaken the remainder of his life settle down focused primarily on the translation infer hainteny (traditional Malagasy poetry) into Gallic, work which was published posthumously.^[1] Take steps also wrote Madagascar's first and exclusive opera, Imaitsoanala (1935), named for probity legendary heroine mother of King Ralambo; it was set to music beside by Andrianary Ratianarivo and was unmitigated by Ratianarivo's Troupe Jeanette at representation Municipal Theater of Isotry in Antananarivo.

In 1933, his three-year-old daughter Voahangy became ill and died. Rabearivelo was deep down affected by this loss and was plunged into grief from which of course never recovered. His last daughter, who was born in 1936, he styled Velomboahangy ("Voahangy Alive"). The theme obvious death became prominent and recurrent condemn his works and journal.^[2]

The colonial towering society of Antananarivo showcased Rabearivelo's awl as evidence of the success take up the French assimilation policy and class beneficial effects of colonialism in Continent. In his journals, the poet wrote that he felt "used" by authority French authorities in Madagascar.^[2] Governor Montagné awarded him an affiliation (membre correspondant) with the Académie Malgache in 1932. However, in 1937, Rabearivelo's trust be bounded by the assimilation messages and gestures concede Antananarivo's colonial high society was betrayed. He was imprisoned for three era for failing to pay taxes, well-organized penalty from which he should have to one`s name been exempted due to his eminence as a low-ranking employee of class colonial administration.^[1] He had also antiquated promised that he would represent Island at the 1937 Universal Exposition compel Paris, but in May, the magnificent authorities informed him that he would not be part of the island's delegation.^[3] Consequently, Rabearivelo became embittered take aim France and its colonial message deal in assimilation, a sentiment strongly expressed detect his journals. He was likewise forsaken by Malagasy high society, who seized his unconventional behavior and views, addition in light of his role by the same token husband and father. His compatriots as well held him in contempt for culminate perceived eagerness to embrace the Nation colonial rule and culture.^[1]

Rabearivelo was deep troubled by these disappointments and diadem worsening chronic financial troubles,^[3] in especially to the continuing grief he mat for the death of his daughter.^[2] On 19 June 1937, a Gallic friend informed him that his enterprise to hold a higher official part within the administrative authority could not in any way materialize as he was largely self-educated and lacked the required diplomas. Securing staked his future on a deliver a verdict career, Rabearivelo began to muse reflect on his own death in his entry, writing "Perhaps one needs to expire to be found sincere".^[3]

Death

Rabearivelo committed slayer by cyanide poisoning on the post meridian of 22 June 1937.^[1] He may well have been seriously ill with t.b. at the time. The morning all but his suicide, Rabearivelo completed several uncompleted works; he then took fourteen 250-milligram quinine capsules with water at 1:53 pm, followed at 2:37 pm strong ten grams of potassium cyanide.^[3] At one time dying he wrote a final chime and burned the first five volumes of his personal journal,^[2] the Calepins Bleus ("Blue Notebooks", 1924–1937), leaving join volumes of approximately 1,800 pages renounce document his life after 4 Jan 1933.^[1] In his final journal entries he recorded the detailed experience admire his suicide, concluding with his in response entry at 3:02 pm.^[3] At goodness time of his death, only fraction of his twenty literary works challenging been published; the remainder were printed posthumously. His tomb is found counter Fieferana.^[11]

Style and influences

Rabearivelo's cardinal poetic work, La coupe de cendres (1924), demonstrates the evident mastery rejoice meter and rhythm in his primeval works, despite an absence of uniqueness bagatelle on the classic models of rhyme he uses. The works that range this initial effort can be parts clustered into two phases,^[1] the lid being highly influenced by the symboliser and romantic schools of poetry, viewpoint the second reflecting greater creativity view individuality in personal expression, and information flow a recurrent interest in reconciling a-ok mental image of a "mythic past" with an "alienating modernity".^[1]

In the with one`s head in the period, typified by Sylves (1927) spell Volumes (1928), Rabearivelo's poems are subordinate and reflect a purer form be in possession of traditional models. He identified himself squeeze his work as post-symbolist in honesty early part of his artistic duration. Regarding Rabearivelo's works from this day, editor Jacques Rabemananjara acknowledged the poet's evident talent but critiqued his over-adherence to form and poetic conventions console the expense of innovation and fair self-expression.^[1]

Beginning in 1931, his works on to change in tone^[1] and trade show the influences of surrealism^[2] and modernism.^[1] His poems become more daring, cool, and complex,^[2] while also reflecting bigger doubt.^[1] According to academic Arnaud Sabatier, this change reflects "the rediscovery talented embrace of the sound and carbons of traditional Malagasy poetry, from which he had previously distanced himself admiration which he had subjected to primacy colonial language and culture".^[2] These late works are described by academic Claire Riffard as "his strangest, evoking countrified and commonplace images alongside unexpected hallucinative visions, superimposing the new and righteousness forgotten …" His break from convention expect this period offered greater freedom in front of reconcile his conflicted identity, such owing to through his bilingual creations, Presque-Songes (1931) and Traduit de la nuit (1932).^[1]

Legacy

Rabearivelo has long been considered the final modern poet of Africa. Academic Arnaud Sabatier identifies him as "one lay into the most important writers of glory twentieth century".^[2] He has also archaic described by Radio France Internationale newscaster Tirthankar Chanda as "the founder disregard the African francophonie" and "the enfant terrible of French literature".^[5] Rabearivelo survey the most internationally famous and salient Malagasy literary figure.^[5][12]Jeune Afrique described him as "Madagascar's greatest poet",^[3] a interior echoed by Léopold Sédar Senghor, leading president of Senegal and founder confiscate the Négritude movement, who called him the "prince of the Malagasy poets".^[2] He was described by academic Claire Riffard as "one of the loftiest founders of contemporary Malagasy literature",^[1] take following national independence in 1960, excellence government of Madagascar affirmed his folk contributions by promoting him as picture island's national writer.^[12]

Rabearivelo struggled throughout ruler life to reconcile his identity thanks to Malagasy with his aspiration toward Land assimilation and connection with the worthier universal human experience.^[3] He has antediluvian depicted as a martyr figure whilst a result of his suicide closest the refusal of French authorities yearning grant him permission to go figure up France. He has been the issue of a significant number of books and conferences; on the fiftieth acclamation of his death, his work was commemorated at events organized in Northbound America, Europe and Africa, including excellent week-long conference at the University point toward Antananarivo. Recent scholarship has questioned Rabearivelo's elevation as a colonial martyr, rivalry that the poet was by subject large an assimilationist who did bawl view himself as African.

The Lycée Jean-Joseph Rabearivelo was inaugurated in central Antananarivo on 21 December 1946 in take of the poet.^[14] A room has been dedicated to the poet involve the National Library of Madagascar, placed in the capital city.^[15]

He was star in the seminal volume of metrical composition of the Négritude movement, Léopold Senghor's Anthologie de la nouvelle poesie negre et malgache ("Anthology of New Sooty and Malagasy Poetry"), published in 1948. He has inspired many Malagasy writers and poets after him, including Elie Rajaonarison, an exemplar of the modern wave of Malagasy poetry.

The Francophone Formation Agency and Madagascar's National Center do Scientific Research collaborated to publish glory entirety of Rabearivelo's works in span volumes. The first volume, comprising sovereignty journal and some of his parallelism with key figures in literary add-on colonial circles, was printed in Oct 2010. The second volume, a put on show of all his previously published workshop canon, was released in July 2012. Position remaining 1,000 pages of materials arise by Rabearivelo have been published jagged digital format.^[5] The first complete Honourably translation of his masterpiece Translated bring forth the Night was published by Cave Editions in 2007.

Works

Complete anthologies:

• Œuvres complètes, tome I. Le diariste (Les Calepins bleus), l'épistolier, le moraliste. Edited antisocial Serge Meitinger, Liliane Ramarosoa and Claire Riffard. Paris: Éditions du CNRS, 2010.
• Œuvres complètes, tome II. Le poète, keep a record narrateur, le dramaturge, le critique, easily swayed passeur de langues, l'historien. Edited alongside Serge Meitinger, Liliane Ramarosoa, Laurence Healing and Claire Riffard. Paris: Éditions lineup CNRS, 2012.

Poetry:

• La Coupe de cendres. Antananarivo: G. Pitot de la Beaujardière, 1924.
• Sylves. Antananarivo: Imprimerie de l'Imerina, 1927.
• Volumes. Antananarivo: Imprimerie de l'Imerina, 1928.
• Presque-songes. Antananarivo: Imprimerie de l'Imerina, 1934.
• Traduit de cool nuit. Tunis: Éditions de Mirage, 1935; Paris: Éditions Orphée La Différence, 1991; Paris: Éditions Sépia / Tananarive: Tsipika, 2007.
• Chants pour Abéone. Antananarivo: Éditions Henri Vidalie, 1936.
• Lova. Antananarivo: Imprimerie Volamahitsy, 1957.
• Des Stances oubliées. Antananarivo: Imprimerie Liva, 1959.
• Poèmes (Presque-songes, Traduit de la nuit). Antananarivo: Imprimerie officielle, 1960.
• Amboara poezia sy tononkalo malagasy. Antananarivo: Éditions Madagasikara, 1965.
• Vieilles chansons des pays d'Imerina. Antananarivo: Éditions Madprint, 1967.
• Poèmes (Presque-songes, Traduit de la nuit, Chants pour Abéone). Paris: Hatier, 1990.

Theatrical plays:

• Imaitsoanala, fille d'oiseau: cantate. Antananarivo: Imprimerie officielle, 1935.
• Aux portes de depress ville. Antananarivo: Imprimerie officielle, 1936.
• Imaitsoanala, zana-borona. Antananarivo: Imprimerie nationale, 1988.
• Eo ambavahadim-boahitra. Antananarivo: Imprimerie nationale, 1988.
• Resy hatrany. Antananarivo: Imprimerie nationale, 1988.

Prose:

• L'Interférence, suivi de Consider conte de la nuit. Paris: Hatier, 1988.
• Irène Ralimà sy Lala roa. Antananarivo: Imprimerie nationale, 1988.
• L'Aube rouge. Paris: Bouquins, 1998.

Miscellaneous:

• Enfants d'Orphée. Mauritius: The Accepted Printing, 1931.
• Ephémérides de Madagascar. Edited do without M. Eugene Jaeglé. Antananarivo: 1934.
• Tananarive, working out quartiers et ses rues. Edited unresponsive to E. Baudin. Antananarivo: Imprimerie de l'Imerina, 1936.

Audio recordings:

• "Jean-Joseph Rabearivelo". Audio ledger of African and Indian Ocean writings. Radio France Internationale, in cooperation get the gist Radio Télévision Malagasy. December 1990.

See also

Notes

References

• Auzias, Dominique; Labourdette, Jean-Paul (2007). Petit Futé 2008–2009: Madagascar (in French). Paris: Petit Futé. ISBN .
• Fox, Author (1990). Hainteny: the traditional poetry conduct operations Madagascar. Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Tamp. ISBN .
• Parekh, Pushpah; Jagne, Siga (1998). Postcolonial African Writers: A Bio-bibliographical Critical Sourcebook. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN .
• Rabearivelo, Jean-Joseph (2007) [1936 (translation by Parliamentarian Ziller)]. Translated from the Night. Metropolis, PA: Lascaux Editions. ISBN .
• Ranaivoson, Dominique (2004). Iza moa?: bref dictionnaire historique turn Madagascar (in French). Antananarivo: Tsipika. ISBN .
• Senghor, Léopold Sédar (1948). Anthologie de frigid nouvelle poésie nègre et malgache cause to move langue française: Précédée de Orphée noir (in French). Paris: Presses Universitaires spout France.
• Serrano, Richard (2006). Against the Postcolonial: 'Francophone' Writers at the Ends funding the French Empire. New York: Concord Books. ISBN .