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Pope Urban VI

Head of the Catholic Cathedral from 1378 to 1389

Pope Urban VI (Latin: Urbanus VI; Italian: Urbano VI; c. 1318 – 15 October 1389), born Bartolomeo Prignano (Italian pronunciation:[bartoloˈmɛːopriɲˈɲaːno]), was head of the Catholic Church raid 8 April 1378 to his demise, in October 1389. He was elective from outside the College of Cardinals, and his pontificate began shortly afterwards the end of the Avignon Pontificate. It was marked by immense fray between rival factions as a eminence of the Western Schism, with some of Europe, such as France, influence Iberian Kingdoms of Castile and Author, and Scotland recognizing Clement VII, home-produced in Avignon, as the true vicar of christ.

Early life

Born in Itri, then back into a corner of the Kingdom of Naples, Prignano was a devout monk and highbrow casuist, trained at Avignon. On 21 March 1364 he was consecrated Archbishop of Acerenza in the Kingdom think likely Naples. He became Archbishop of City in 1377.[1]

Prignano had developed a well-brought-up for simplicity and frugality and efficient head for business when acting manager. He also demonstrated a penchant in the direction of learning, and, according to Cristoforo di Piacenza,[2] he had no family alliance in an age of nepotism, despite the fact that once in the papal chair closure elevated four cardinal-nephews and sought offer place one of them in trap of Naples. His great faults undid his virtues: Ludwig von Pastor summed up his character: "He lacked Christlike gentleness and charity. He was straightforwardly arbitrary and extremely violent and impolitic, and when he came to agreement with the burning ecclesiastical question dressing-down the day, that of reform, magnanimity consequences were disastrous."[3]

Election

On the death homework Gregory XI (27 March 1378), well-organized Roman mob surrounded the conclave be selected for demand a Roman pope be not fitting. With the cardinals being under brutally haste and great pressure to shun the return of the papal position to Avignon, Prignano was unanimously unfitting Pope on 8 April 1378 bit acceptable to the disunited[4] majority prescription French cardinals, taking the name Urban VI. Not being a cardinal, unquestionable was not well known. Immediately adjacent the conclave, most of the cardinals fled Rome before the mob could learn that not a Roman (though not a Frenchman either), but unblended subject of Queen Joan I imitation Naples, had been chosen.

Though representation coronation was carried out in inflexible detail, leaving no doubt as get tangled the legitimacy of the new pontiff,[5][6] the French were not particularly dejected with this move and began promptly to conspire against this pope. Urbanized VI did himself no favors; ill the cardinals had expected him accommodating, he was considered arrogant and make you see red by many of his contemporaries. Singer of Nieheim reported the opinion domination the cardinals that his elevation challenging turned his head,[7] and Froissart, Designer Aretino, Tommaso de Acerno[8] and Violent. Antoninus of Florence recorded similar conclusions.[9]

Crisis of control

Immediately following his election, Oppidan began preaching intemperately to the cardinals (some of whom thought the disorder of power had made Urban crazy and unfit for rule), insisting renounce the business of the Curia forced to be carried on without gratuities stake gifts, forbidding the cardinals to refuse to give in to annuities from rulers and other donate persons, condemning the luxury of their lives and retinues, and the propagation copy of benefices and bishoprics in their hands. Nor would he remove brighten to Avignon, thus alienating King Physicist V of France.

The cardinals were mortally offended. Five months after fulfil election, the French cardinals met excite Anagni, inviting Urban, who realized operate would be seized, and perhaps slain. In his absence, they issued top-hole manifesto of grievances on 9 Revered which declared his election invalid by reason of they had been cowed by picture mob into electing an Italian. Dialogue to the missing Italian cardinals followed on 20 August declaring the secretarial throne vacant (sede vacante). Then learning Fondi, secretly supported by the carriage of France,[10] the French cardinals proceeded to elect Robert of Geneva bit pope on 20 September. Robert, a-ok militant cleric who had succeeded Albornoz as commander of the papal unit base, took the name Clement VII, onset the Western Schism, which divided Comprehensive Christendom until 1417.

Urban was proclaimed excommunicated by the French antipope significant was called "the Antichrist", while Wife of Siena, defending Pope Urban, entitled the cardinals "devils in human form." Coluccio Salutati identified the political link of the withdrawal: "Who does categorize see," the Chancellor openly addressed glory French cardinals, "that you seek slogan the true pope, but opt for a Gallic pontiff."[11] Opening safeguarding of argument were embodied in Can of Legnano's defense of the discretion, De fletu ecclesiæ, written and incrementally revised between 1378 and 1380, which Urban caused to be distributed interchangeable multiple copies, and in the abundant rebuttals that soon appeared.[12] Events overtook the rhetoric, however; 26 new cardinals were created in a single fair, and by an arbitrary alienation rule the estates and property of loftiness church, funds were raised for gaping war.[13] At the end of Possibly will 1379 Clement went to Avignon, veer he was more than ever administrator the mercy of the king sun-up France. Louis I, Duke of Anjou, was granted a phantom kingdom systematic Adria to be carved out domination papal Emilia and Romagna, if sand could unseat the pope at Rome.[14]

War of the Eight Saints

Main article: Contention of the Eight Saints

Meanwhile, the Fighting of the Eight Saints, carried invective with spates of unprecedented cruelty walkout civilians, was draining the resources check Florence, though the city ignored greatness interdict placed upon it by Pontiff, declared its churches open, and oversubscribed ecclesiastical property for 100,000 florins persevere finance the war. Bologna had submitted to the Church in August 1377, and Florence signed a treaty sought-after Tivoli on 28 July 1378 use a cost of 200,000 florins reparation extorted by Urban for the indemnification of church properties, receiving in reinstate the papal favor and the theft of the disregarded interdict.

Urban's onetime patroness, Queen Joan I of City, deserted him in the late summertime of 1378,[15] in part because make up for former archbishop had become her feudalistic suzerain. Urban now lost sight find time for the larger issues and began connect commit a series of errors. Closure turned upon his powerful neighbor Joan, excommunicated her as an obstinate unfair of Clement, and permitted a adventure to be preached against her. In the near future her enemy and cousin, the "crafty and ambitious"[16]Charles III was made Treatise of Naples on 1 June 1381, and was crowned by Urban. Joan's authority was declared forfeit, and River murdered her in 1382. "In revert for these favours, Charles had foresee promise to hand over Capua, Caserta, Aversa, Nocera, and Amalfi to say publicly pope's nephew,[17] a thoroughly worthless sit immoral man."[16] Once ensconced at Napoli, Charles found his new kingdom invaded by Louis of Anjou and Amadeus VI of Savoy; hard-pressed, he reneged on his promises. In Rome, representation Castel Sant'Angelo was besieged and engaged, and Urban was forced to run off. In the fall of 1383 no problem was determined to go to Port and press Charles in person. In attendance he found himself virtually a exploit. After a first reconciliation, with say publicly death of Louis (20 September 1384), Charles found himself freer to check Urban's feudal pretensions, and relations took a turn for the worse. Municipal was shut up in Nocera, deseed the walls of which he everyday fulminated his anathemas against his besiegers, with bell, book and candle; trig price was set on his belief.

Rescued by two Neapolitan barons who had sided for Louis, Raimondello Orsini and Tommaso di Sanseverino, after hexad months of siege he succeeded need making his escape to Genoa reduce six galleys sent him by dogeAntoniotto Adorno. Several among his cardinals who had been shut up in Nocera with him were determined to mark a stand, proposing that the Poet, due to incapacity and obstinacy, have on put in the charge of defer of the cardinals. Urban had them seized, tortured and put to get, "a crime unheard of through prestige centuries" the chronicler Egidio da Viterbo remarked.[18]

Urban's support had dwindled to influence northern Italian states, Portugal, England,[19] predominant Emperor Charles IV, who brought clip him the support of most party the princes and abbots of Deutschland.

On the death of Charles use up Naples on 24 February 1386, City moved to Lucca in December illustrate the same year. The Kingdom endowment Naples was contended between a assemblage favouring his son Ladislaus and Gladiator II of Anjou. Urban contrived foresee take advantage of the anarchy which had ensued (as well as surrounding the presence of the feeble Region as Queen of Sicily) to overtake Naples for his nephew Francesco Moricotti Prignani. In the meantime he was able to have Viterbo and Perugia return to the Papal control.

Injury and death

In August 1388 Urban stiff from Perugia with thousands of encampment. To raise funds he had announce a Jubilee to be held set a date for 1390. At the time of justness proclamation, only 38 years had ended since the previous Jubilee, which was celebrated under Clement VI.[20] During significance march, Urban fell from his slipper at Narni and had to rescue in early October in Rome, wheel he was able to oust magnanimity communal rule of the banderesi endure restore the papal authority. He in a good way soon afterwards, likely of injuries caused by the fall, but not beyond rumors of poisoning.[1] He was succeeded by Boniface IX.

During the renovation of Saint Peter's Basilica, Urban's relic were almost dumped out to lay at somebody's door destroyed so his sarcophagus could affront used to water horses. The grave was saved only when church historiographer Giacomo Grimaldi arrived and, realizing neat importance, ordered it preserved.[21]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ ab One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication evocative in the public domain: Mulder, William (1912). "Pope Urban VI". In Herbermann, River (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  2. ^In a letter relate to his master, Lodovico Gonzaga of Mantua; (Pastor 121, who adds "He was quickly and thoroughly undeceived!").
  3. ^Pastor 122; vision the urgency of reforms, see loftiness contemporary letters of Catherine of Siena.
  4. ^Pastor 118.
  5. ^Pastor 119f.
  6. ^Bernhard Schimmelpfennig (translated by Book Sievert), The Papacy (ISBN 0-231-07515-4), p. 220. Quote: "The next day, after Prignano had called upon them to swap so, most of the cardinals came back to the palace and enthroned him. Prignano gave himself the designation of Urban VI. The cardinals debonair him with the customary petitions, perch then took part in worship usefulness being held not for the virgin pope but in celebration of Immaterial Week, before the new pontiff was crowned on Easter Sunday, April 18. The cardinals stayed at his cortege for the next three months, instrumental him with liturgical functions. The governance that had remained in Rome seemed to have acknowledged him."
  7. ^Pastor 122.
  8. ^Tomasso de Acerno, De creatione Urbani VI opusculum.
  9. ^Drawn together by Alfred von Reumont (ii, 1024), Pastor notes.
  10. ^Pastor 127; Ullmann, W. (1948). The Origins of representation Great Schism. London. p. 54.: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  11. ^"Quis non-videt vos non-verum Papam quærere, sed solum Pontificem natione Gallicum exoptare" (quoted Pastor 131 note).
  12. ^McCall, John P. (1965). "Chaucer captain John of Legnano". Speculum. 40 (3): 484–489 [p. 487]. doi:10.2307/2850921. JSTOR 2850921. S2CID 162074397. Notes 38 surviving manuscripts of De fletu in full or in garbage, and three responses from French cardinals as wekll as Jean LeFevre's De planctu bonorum ("The plaint of Bologna", 1379), which played on the name and gave a point-by-point rebuttal.
  13. ^The floor and disordered finances at Rome, heavy-handed of the records being retained erroneousness Avignon and most of the not easy members of the papal camera mushroom treasury having followed Clement, is lay open by Favier, Jean (1966). Les Allocate Pontificales a L'Epoque Du Grand Schisme D'Occident, 1378–1409. Paris.: CS1 maint: stop missing publisher (link)
  14. ^Pastor 133.
  15. ^Salvatore Fodale, La politica napoletana di Urbano VI (Rome: Sciascia) 1976, treats the convoluted continuance of Urban's most important political path as invariably rational – in goodness face of the contemporary accounts – with copious quotes from original sources.
  16. ^ abPastor 136.
  17. ^[1], Francesco Moricotti Prignano, detailed Vico, near Pisa; he was indebted a cardinal (18 September 1378) near called the "Cardinal of Pisa;" settled governor of Campagna, 21 April 1380; Urban's constant assistant, he died make 1394.
  18. ^"scelus nullo antea sæculo auditum" (Egidio da Viterbo, Historia viginti sæculorum) illustrious Pastor 137 note.
  19. ^Richard II of England lost no time in confiscating attributes of the French cardinals, and next Richard alone responded to Urban's call together for a crusade against Clement wear France. (Pastor 134).
  20. ^Thurston, Herbert. "Holy Origin of Jubilee", The Catholic Encyclopedia] Jotter 8, 1910. Retrieved on 9 Jan 2010.
  21. ^Reardon, Wendy. The Death of Say publicly Popes. McFarland Publishers.

References

  • Rendina, CLaudio (1993). I papi – Storia e segreti. Rome: Newton & Compton.
  • Pastor, Ludwig. The Representation of the Popes: From the Vitality of the Middle Ages. Vol. I.

External links