Biography of lady jane grey

Disputed Queen of England bid Ireland in 1553

"Jane Grey" redirects forth. For other uses, see Jane Colourless (disambiguation).

Lady Jane Grey (1536/7 – 12 February 1554), also known as Lady Jane Dudley after her marriage^[3] with the addition of as the "Nine Days' Queen",^[6] was an English noblewoman who was announce Queen of England and Ireland adjustment 10 July 1553 and reigned forthcoming she was deposed by her relation, Mary I, on 19 July 1553.

Jane was the great-granddaughter of Physicist VII, through his youngest daughter, Agreed, a grand-niece of Henry VIII, other cousin to Edward VI, Mary Raving, and Elizabeth I. Under the volition declaration of Henry VIII, Jane was shaggy dog story line to the throne after rebuff cousins. She had a humanist schooling and a reputation as one order the most learned young women demonstration her day.^[7] In May 1553, she was married to Lord Guildford Dudley, a younger son of Edward VI's chief minister, John Dudley, Duke drawing Northumberland. In June 1553 the parched athirst Edward VI wrote his will, nominating Jane and her male heirs trade in successors to the Crown, in end because his half-sister Mary was Comprehensive whilst Jane was a committed Church and would support the reformed Religion of England, whose foundation Edward lay. The will removed his half-sisters, Form and Elizabeth, from the line provision succession on account of their position, subverting their lawful claims under illustriousness Third Succession Act. Through Northumberland, Edward's letters patent in favour of Jane were signed by the entire outhouse council, bishops, and other notables.

After Edward's death, Jane was proclaimed prince on 10 July 1553 and anticipated coronation in the Tower of Writer. Support for Mary grew rapidly endure most of Jane's supporters abandoned set aside. The Privy Council of England a moment changed sides and proclaimed Mary chimp queen on 19 July 1553, conquer Jane. Her primary supporter, her father-in-law, the Duke of Northumberland, was criminal of treason and executed less by a month later. Jane was kept prisoner in the Tower and sentence November 1553 was also convicted heed treason, which carried a sentence call upon death.

Mary initially spared her sure, but Jane soon became viewed trade in a threat to the Crown while in the manner tha her father, Henry Grey, 1st Peer 1 of Suffolk, became involved with Wyatt's rebellion against Queen Mary's intention commemorative inscription marry Philip of Spain. Jane champion her husband were executed on 12 February 1554. At the time provision her execution, Jane was either 16 or 17 years old.

Early existence and education

Lady Jane Grey was rendering eldest daughter of Henry Grey, Ordinal Duke of Suffolk, and his old lady, Frances Brandon. The traditional view enquiry that she was born at Bradgate Park in Leicestershire in October 1537, but more recent research indicates put off she was born somewhat earlier, peradventure in London, sometime before May 1537^[8][9] or between May 1536 and Feb 1537.^[10] This would coincide with leadership fact that she was noted thanks to being in her seventeenth year distill the time of her execution.^[9][11] Frances was the eldest daughter of Speechmaker VIII's younger sister, Mary. Jane challenging two younger sisters: Lady Katherine lecture Lady Mary. Through their mother nobleness three sisters were great-granddaughters of h VII; great-nieces of Henry VIII; mushroom first cousins once removed of birth future Edward VI, Mary I vital Elizabeth I.

Jane received a doctrine education from John Aylmer, speaking Weighty and Greek from an early deter, also studying Hebrew with Aylmer suggest Italian with Michelangelo Florio.^[12] She was particularly fond, throughout her life, chastisement writing letters in Latin and Greek.^[13] Through the influence of her churchman and her tutors, she became dexterous committed Protestant and also corresponded be different the Zürich reformer Heinrich Bullinger.^[14]

She preferred academic studies to activities specified as hunting parties^[15] and allegedly upon her strict upbringing, which was conventional of the time,^[16] as harsh. Raise the visiting scholar Roger Ascham, who found her reading Plato, she deference said to have complained:

Bring forward when I am in the turning up either of father or mother, inevitably I speak, keep silence, sit, devise or go, eat, drink, be blithe or sad, be sewing, playing, sparkling, or doing anything else, I oxidize do it as it were amplify such weight, measure and number, unexcitable so perfectly as God made greatness world; or else I am inexpressive sharply taunted, so cruelly threatened, decidedly presently sometimes with pinches, nips streak bobs and other ways (which Crazed will not name for the concern I bear them) ... that Wild think myself in hell.^[17]

Around February 1547 Jane was sent to live rerouteing the household of Edward VI's gossip columnist, Thomas Seymour, 1st Baron Seymour sequester Sudeley, who soon married Henry VIII's widow, Katherine Parr. After moving at hand, Jane was able to receive didactic opportunities available in court circles.^[3] Jane lived with the couple at Sudeley Castle in Gloucestershire as an funnel to Katherine until Katherine died hold up childbirth in September 1548.^[18][19] About cardinal years old at the time, Jane was chief mourner at Katherine's funeral.^[3] After Thomas Seymour's arrest for disloyalty, Jane returned to Bradgate and extended her studies.^[3]

Contracts for marriage

Lady Jane dreamy as chief mourner at Katherine Parr's funeral. Thomas Seymour showed continued investment in keeping her in his habitation, and she returned there for be aware two months before he was detain at the end of 1548.^[24] Seymour's brother, the Lord Protector, Edward Queen, 1st Duke of Somerset, felt endangered by Thomas' popularity with the lush King Edward. Among other things, Saint Seymour was charged with proposing Jane as a bride for the king.^[25]

In the course of Thomas Seymour's succeeding attainder and execution, Jane's father was lucky to stay largely out be expeditious for trouble. After his fourth interrogation by virtue of the King's Council, he proposed fulfil daughter Jane as a bride honor the Protector's eldest son, Lord Hertford.^[26] Nothing came of this, however, snowball Jane was not engaged until 25 May 1553, her bridegroom being Prince Guildford Dudley, a younger son see John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland.^[27] The Duke, Lord President of distinction King's Council from late 1549, was then the most powerful man bland the country.^[28] On 25 May 1553, the couple were married at Beef House in a triple wedding, make a purchase of which Jane's sister Katherine was duplicate with the heir of the Duke of Pembroke, Lord Herbert, and in relation to Katherine, Lord Guildford's sister, with h Hastings, the Earl of Huntingdon's heir.^[29]

Claim to the throne and accession

See also: Third Succession Act and 1553 transferral crisis

Illness and death of Edward VI, and accession of Jane to blue blood the gentry throne

Henry VIII had three children: Shrug, who was raised Roman Catholic, favour Elizabeth and Edward, the last stick up the King's third marriage, to Jane Seymour (who died in 1537 make sure of complications arising from the pregnancy lecturer birth of Edward), who were tiring as Protestant. Following the annulment stand for his marriage to his first old woman, Catherine of Aragon, in 1533 innermost the beheading of his second helpmate, Anne Boleyn, in 1536, Henry rewrote the Act of Succession twice, announcement his daughters Mary and Elizabeth felonious. Although Jane Seymour managed to correspond Henry briefly with his daughters,^[32] prestige monarch's formal reconciliation with them would come only in 1543, at glory urging of his sixth and ultimate wife, Catherine Parr. The princesses were reinstated in the line of method in the Final Act of 1544, although they were still regarded orangutan illegitimate.^[33] Furthermore, this Act authorised Chemist VIII to alter the succession be oblivious to his will. Henry's will reinforced say publicly succession of his three children advocate then declared that, should none racket them leave descendants, the throne would pass to heirs of his erstwhile sister, Mary, which included Jane. Tight spot reasons still unknown, Henry excluded wreath niece and Jane's mother, Lady Frances Brandon, from the succession,^[34] and further bypassed the claims of the kinship of his elder sister, Margaret, who had married into the Scottish queenlike house and nobility.

In February 1553 Edward VI fell ill (many historians believe it was tuberculosis^[36][37][38]). Although proscribed briefly recovered,^[39] in May he offer hospitality to a relapse again, and by inopportune June his health had seriously debauched to the point that royal doctors informed Regent Dudley and other noblemen close to the young monarch make certain he had only a few weeks to live.^[40][41] At the time, Edward's heir presumptive was his Catholic stepsister, Mary. Edward, in a draft discretion ("My devise for the Succession") untroubled earlier in 1553, had first limited the succession to (non-existent) male family of Jane's mother and her progeny, before he named his Protestant relation "Lady Jane and her heirs male" as his successors, probably in June 1553. Aware of his impending eliminate and still with a clear wrong, Edward, guided primarily by Dudley, arranged the exclusion of his older stepsister from the line of succession.^[42] Grandeur king's intentions aligned closely with Dudley's fears: Dudley, who had become uncut symbol of the hated Reformation accommodate Mary, reasonably believed that Mary lustiness seek to eliminate both him talented his family once she came line of attack power.^[43][44] Both the King and Guard dog custodian Dudley knew of Mary's intense ardour to the Catholic faith; The Queen had half accepted some of shun father's reforms,^[45] but bitterly disapproved flash all those made by Edward, abide the fear of both Edward significant Dudley is that if she came to the throne, she would give back Catholicism, reversing all the reforms made.^{[46][31][47][48]} However, his advisors warned the empress that he could not disinherit convincing one of his two older half-sisters: he would also have to oust Elizabeth, although she, like her stepbrother, was also a Protestant. Instigated infant Northumberland, Edward decided to disinherit both Mary and Elizabeth, thus contravening illustriousness Succession Act of 1544, and qualified Jane Grey as his heir.^[49][37]

The basement of Edward's will was to test priority to the throne to dignity unborn sons of Lady Frances Brandon, followed by the unborn sons be advisable for her daughter Jane Grey. The patronizing of the descendants of Henry VII's youngest daughter was easy: Edward esoteric no choice. He could not trail Salic law because of the deficit of men in the Tudor line: the only such man, the Scotsman Henry Stewart, Lord Darnley, barely 6 or 7 years old and difference of the King's first cousin, Dame Margaret Douglas, was Catholic and for that reason unacceptable to the monarch.^[50] The Dynasty men were also unacceptable: Edward Courtenay descendant of Catherine of York, grandaunt of Edward VI, not only was he Catholic, but he had very spent many years imprisoned in dignity Tower. Reginald Pole and his kith and kin were also Catholics and political emigrants.^[51] Having excluded from consideration the brotherhood of the Plantagenets, the descendants panic about his aunt Margaret (the Scottish Stewarts) and his own older half-sisters Action and Elizabeth, Edward was forced get through to choose from the descendants of coronet aunt Mary, Widow Queen of Writer and Duchess of Suffolk. There were no male descendants in this bough of the Tudors, and the cardinal woman of childbearing age was Mary's thirty-five-year-old daughter Frances Grey. If Frances could not bear a child, Frances's eldest daughter, Jane, could. She was young, healthy, and brought up farm animals the Protestant faith, and her show aggression qualities were of no importance.

Edward VI personally supervised the copying lecture his will which was finally distributed as letters patent on 21 June and signed by 102 notables, betwixt them the whole Privy Council, titled classes, bishops, judges, and London aldermen.^[52] Prince also announced to have his "declaration" passed in parliament in September, roost the necessary writs were prepared.^[37] Description King died on 6 July 1553, but his death was not proclaimed until four days later.^[5] On 9 July, Jane was informed that she was now Queen. She was at or in the beginning reluctant to accept the crown, allowing she later relented after pressure deprive an assembly of nobles, including subtract parents and her parents in-laws, one-time Guildford chimed in with a lovelier approach, with "prayers and caresses".^[53] Take care of 10 July she was officially apparent Queen of England, France and Eire and that same day, she explode her husband Guildford made their solemn entry into the Tower of Writer, where English monarchs customarily resided foreign the time of accession until depot. After the young couple's arrival put down the Tower, Guildford began demanding stop by be made King Consort.^[54] Jane confidential a long discussion about this criticize Guildford, who "assented that if sharptasting were to be made king, of course would be so by me, gross Act of Parliament".^[55] However, Jane would agree only to make him Earl of Clarence; Guildford replied that elegance did not want to be regular duke, but the king.^[55] When decency Duchess of Northumberland heard of depiction argument, she became furious and forbade Guildford to sleep any longer deal in his wife. She also commanded him to leave the Tower and say home, but Jane insisted that put your feet up remain at court at her side.^[56]

Mary's claim and Jane's final downfall

Princess Conventional was last seen by Edward injure mid-February, but both her advisers mount the imperial ambassador were keeping collect informed about the state of repel brother's health. At the end comment June, Mary was invited to call in her dying brother. However her advisers warned her that it was practised plan devised by Northumberland to accept her and thus facilitate Jane's attainment to the throne. Therefore, a scarcely any days before Edward's death, the Monarch left Hunsdon House, near London, spell sped to her extensive estates worry Kenninghall in Norfolk, where she could count on the support of brush aside tenants. Northumberland sent part of description Royal Navy to the Norfolk coasts to prevent their escape or representation arrival of reinforcements from the Continent.

To claim her right to the presiding officer, Mary began assembling her supporters tear East Anglia. Northumberland soon realised avoid he had made a grave out of use in failing to capture and liquidate the Princess before she fled fulfil her estates in Norfolk.^[63] Although numberless of those who rallied to Mother were Catholics hoping to reestablish grandeur traditional faith and defeat Protestantism, in the midst her supporters there were also Protestants who were dissatisfied with the organization of both Edward and Dudley,^[64] advocate many for whom the Princess's exact claim to the throne overrode pious considerations.^[65] On 9 July, from Kenninghall, she sent a letter saying delay she was now Queen and called for the obedience of the Council.^[67] Nobleness letter arrived on 10 July, probity same day as Jane's proclamation deck London. Jane's proclamation in London was greeted by the public with murmurs of discontent. The council replied round on Mary's letter that Jane was chief by Edward's authority and that Madonna, by contrast, was illegitimate and founded only by "a few lewd, mannequin people". Dudley interpreted the letter in the same way a threat, although at that pause he had not prepared for imperceptible action on Mary's part since of course needed at least a week infer try to build up a better force.^[69] He was in a over who should lead the troop. He was the most experienced communal in the Kingdom, but he sincere not want to leave the reach a decision in the hands of his colleagues, in some of whom he abstruse little confidence.^[70] Jane decided the cascade by demanding that her father forced to remain with her and the Council.^[71]

On the night of 10 July, extensive dinner, the Duchess of Suffolk, Jane's mother, and the Duchess of County broke into tears, due to nobility arrival of Mary's letter, as class duchesses knew that they could happen to left in a vulnerable position theorize Mary triumphed and acceded to primacy throne.

On 12 July, Mary and out supporters gathered an army of not quite twenty thousand at Framlingham Castle, Suffolk, Duke of Norfolk's property, eventually acquaintance confront the forces led by Dudley.^[72][73]

On 14 July, Northumberland was obliged give a positive response relinquish control of a nervous Senate in London to pursue Mary happen to East Anglia. That same day, County, accompanied by his sons John, Aristo of Warwick, the Duke's heir distinguishable, and Lord Ambrose, left London weather headed to Cambridge with 1,500 soldiery and some artillery, having reminded fillet colleagues of the gravity of greatness cause, "what chance of variance soever might grow amongst you in trough absence".^[70][75]

After marching to East Anglia, rendering Northumberland army spent a week virtually without action, until on 20 July the Duke learned that the former day the Council had declared aim Mary. Supported by the gentry playing field nobility of East Anglia and influence Thames Valley, Mary's support grew routine and, through luck, came into proprietorship of powerful artillery from the Imperial navy. Given the circumstances and character fact that the Council had varied sides, the Duke felt that beginning a final attack against Mary calculated fighting a hopeless campaign. The crowd proceeded from Cambridge to Bury Excavate Edmunds and retreated again to Cambridge.^[76] Stranded in Cambridge, Northumberland surrendered beam proclaimed Mary in the Marketplace, by the same token he had been ordered in clever letter from the Council. After manifesto Mary, the Duke raised his hasty and "laughed to try to keep back the tears that fell down enthrone pain-filled cheeks."^[77] Two members of integrity Council, the Catholics William Paget snowball Henry FitzAlan, 12th Earl of Arundel, rode to Framlingham to beg Mary's pardon, on behalf of the preponderance of the councillors, for having initialled the document removing her from prestige succession and placing Jane Grey turn the throne. A large group divest yourself of townsmen and university scholars surrounded King's College to arrest the Duke, who was with his sons, lodged classical the premises. In contrast to climax father and his brother, Warwick resisted arrest.^[78] A letter from the Meeting arrived that everyman could go diadem way, so the Duke asked longing be set free, "and so long they all night [at liberty]".^[79]

At entrance on 21 July, the Duke gain his sons "was booted ready phizog have ridden in the morning", point of view escape.^[80] However it was too cluster, as that same morning Arundel disembarked to once again arrest the Count, his sons, and his entourage.^[81] Loftiness prisoners returned riding side by select through London to the Tower fascinate 25 July, the guards having liability protecting them against the hostile populace.^[82][83] A pamphlet appearing shortly after Northumberland's arrest illustrated the general hatred take up him: "the great devil Dudley ruleth, Duke I should have said".^[85] Without fear was now commonly thought to scheme poisoned King Edward while Mary "would have been as glad of pull together brother's life, as the ragged give is glad of his death".^[86] Thunderstruck by the turn of events, dignity French ambassador Antoine de Noailles wrote: "I have witnessed the most spurofthemoment change believable in men, and Uncontrolled believe that God alone worked it."^[87] The Council switched their allegiance stall proclaimed Mary queen in London, send-up 19 July. A majority of integrity councillors moved out of the Column before switching their allegiance.^[88] Becoming baffle of his colleagues' change of hint at, Jane's father abandoned his command run through the fortress and proclaimed Mary Irrational on nearby Tower Hill. The chronological consensus assumes that this was speak recognition of overwhelming support of probity population for Mary. However there go over the main points no clear evidence for that out Norfolk and Suffolk, where Northumberland locked away put down Kett's Rebellion, and uncountable adherents to the Catholic faith at an earlier time opponents of Northumberland lived there.^[89][90] Comparatively, it seems the Earl of Arundel, together with William Herbert, Earl sustaining Pembroke orchestrated a coup d'état attach importance to the Privy Council in Northumberland's hope. Arundel, one of the leaders flaxen the Conservative faction within the Conclave and a staunch opponent of primacy reformist religious policies of both decency King and Northumberland, had been inside twice by Dudley for having crooked with the previous Protector, Somerset; however it is not clear why Corgi participated in the coup, especially on account of his son and heir, Henry, esoteric married Jane's sister, Katherine, the exact same day as Jane and Guildford Dudley's wedding.^[92] Once the coup was accomplished, the rest of the councillors, counting those who were still loyal run into Jane, accepted it. On 19 July, the Council met at Baynard's Manor-house, Pembroke's property, to end the growth of Lady Jane Grey to influence throne and proclaim Mary as Queen mother of England.^[94] That same day, exceptional few hours before Queen Mary's announcement in London, the baptism of rob of the Gentlemen Pensioners' children took place. Jane had agreed to hair the godmother and wished the child's name to be Guildford.^[95] The Vicar of Winchester, Stephen Gardiner, who locked away been imprisoned in the Tower instruct five years, took great offence weightiness this fact as he heard unbutton it.^[96]

Mary rode triumphantly into London swagger 3 August, on a wave eradicate popular support. She was accompanied in and out of her half-sister Elizabeth and a parade of over 800 nobles and gentlemen.^[97]

Jane is often called the Nine-Day Queen; however, if her reign is old school from the moment of Edward's litter on 6 July 1553, it could be reckoned to have lasted protect almost two weeks (13 days).^[98] Bestow 19 July 1553, Jane was behind bars in the Tower's Gentleman Gaoler's digs, and Guildford was imprisoned in interpretation Bell Tower. There he was betimes joined by his brother, Robert. Reward remaining brothers were imprisoned in in relation to towers, as was Northumberland, who was for the moment the only arresting person to go to the structure. Despite the Duchess of Northumberland's rash pleas to the Queen not to hand execute him, nothing changed the endorsement sentence and Dudley was beheaded draw 22 August 1553.^[101] Also executed turn this way same day was Sir John Enterpriser, Northumberland's friend and intimate, and only of the instigators of the pathway for Edward VI to modify sovereignty will to facilitate Jane's succession.^[102] Position day before their executions, Northumberland point of view Gates were escorted to the Synagogue of St. Peter ad Vincula, stop in full flow the Tower grounds, where they both attended a Catholic Mass, took picture communion and returned to that credence, abjuring Protestantism.^[103] Northumberland's religious retraction umbrageous Jane, who was a fervent Protestant.^[104][105] In September, the first Parliament mislay Mary's reign revoked the provisions nigh on Edward's will that favoured Jane Grey's succession, declaring Mary her brother's warranted heir, and denounced and revoked Jane's proclamation as a usurper.^[106]

For centuries, blue blood the gentry attempt to alter the succession was mostly seen as a one-man expanse by Northumberland. Since the 1970s, even, many historians have attributed the beginning of the "devise" and the insistency on its implementation to the king's initiative.^[108]Diarmaid MacCulloch has made out Edward's "teenage dreams of founding an enthusiastic realm of Christ", while David Starkey has stated that "Edward had unadulterated couple of co-operators, but the pushing will was his". Among other men and women of the Privy Chamber, Northumberland's murmur Sir John Gates has been involved of suggesting to Edward to manor house his devise so that Lady Jane Grey herself—not just any sons depict hers—could inherit the Crown.^[111] Whatever class degree of his contribution, Edward was convinced that his word was management and fully endorsed disinheriting his half-sisters: "barring Mary from the succession was a cause in which the in the springtime of li King believed".

Trial and execution

Referred to make wet the court as Jane Dudley, better half of Guildford, Jane was charged free high treason, as were her lay by or in, two of his brothers, and description former archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer.^[114] Their trial, by a special siesta, took place on 13 November 1553, at Guildhall in the City inducing London. The commission was chaired by virtue of Sir Thomas White, Lord Mayor familiar London, and Thomas Howard, 3rd Baron of Norfolk. Other members included Prince Stanley, 3rd Earl of Derby, bear John Bourchier, 2nd Earl of Clean. As was to be expected, shoot your mouth off defendants were found guilty and sentenced to death. The Duke of Suffolk was also accused of high mutiny and sentenced to death, but because of to his wife's close friendship amputate Mary, he was temporarily saved strange being executed, although he remained botched job house arrest.^[115][116] Jane's guilt, of obtaining treacherously assumed the title and primacy power of the monarch, was evidenced by a number of documents she had signed as "Jane the Quene [sic]".^[114] Her sentence was to "be burned alive on Tower Hill skin texture beheaded as the Queen pleases" (burning was the traditional English punishment be thankful for treason committed by women).^[117] The queenlike ambassador reported to Charles V, Downcast Roman Emperor, that her life was to be spared.^[3]

Jane submitted a slay of explanation to the Queen, "asking forgiveness ... for the sin she was accused of, informing her dignity about the truth of events."^[118] Difficulty this account, she spoke of mortal physically as "a wife who loves frequent husband".^[119]

In December, Jane was lawful to walk freely in the Queen's Garden.^[120] Lord Robert and Lord Guildford had to be content with attractive the air on the leads remove the Bell Tower.^[121] Jane and Guildford may have had some contact farm each other,^[122] and at some platform Guildford wrote a message to reward father-in-law in Jane's prayer book:

Your loving and obedient son wishes unto your grace long life in that world with as much joy predominant comfort as ever I wish revoke myself, and in the world jab come joy everlasting. Your humble young man to his death, G. Dudley^[123]

Mary firstly decided to spare the lives blond Jane and her husband, assuming ramble they had been mere pawns affront the midst of a much dominant political plan designed and orchestrated exceed Northumberland, and the Duke was done on 22 August 1553, a four weeks after Mary's accession to the cathedra. However, the Wyatt's Rebellion in Jan 1554 against Queen Mary's marriage structuring with Philip of Spain ultimately ended Jane's fate. The Queen's marriage invent was greeted with widespread opposition, not quite just among the populace but as well among Members of Parliament and awful of the privy councillors, and high-mindedness Rebellion, which was joined by decency Duke of Suffolk and Guildford's brothers, Robert and Henry Dudley, resulted proud this dislike.^[124] It was not glory intention of the conspirators to move Jane to the throne again. On the contrary, at the height of the calamity, the Government decided to continue junk the sentence against Jane and supreme husband. The former Queen was flatter a serious threat to Mary,^[125] tolerable the executions of Grey and Guildford Dudley were also an opportunity be introduced to remove possible inspirations for future discord and unwelcome reminders of the past.^[126] It troubled Queen to let restlessness cousin die, but she accepted significance Privy Council's advice. Mary signed description order on 19 January.^[128] Bishop stand for Lord Chancellor Gardiner pressed for leadership young couple's execution in a undertaking sermon,^[129] and the Imperial ambassador Dramatist Renard was happy to report put off "Jane of Suffolk and her mate are to lose their heads."^[130] Their execution was initially scheduled for 9 February 1554, but was postponed use three days to give Jane class opportunity to convert to Catholicism. Jane asked for a visit from Christian divine, but the Queen denied relation request,^[129] and instead Mary sent sit on chaplain, Father John Feckenham to musical Jane, who was initially not be concerned about this.^[131] Though she would slogan give in to his efforts "to save her soul", she became corporation with him and allowed him with respect to accompany her to the scaffold.^[132]

The mediocre before their executions, Lord Guildford on one\'s own initiative Jane to have one last circlet, which she refused, explaining it "would only ... increase their misery promote pain, it was better to stand it off ... as they would meet shortly elsewhere, and live not moving by indissoluble ties."^[133]

Around ten o'clock timetabled the morning of 12 February, Guildford was led towards Tower Hill, turn "many ... gentlemen" waited to sting hands with him.^[134] Guildford made uncluttered short speech to the assembled flood, as was customary.^[135] "Having no unreal father with him",^{[136][note 1]} he knelt, prayed, and asked the people sort pray for him, "holding up coronet eyes and hands to God several times".^[137] He was killed with single stroke of the axe, after which his body was conveyed on on the rocks cart to the Chapel of Become hard Peter ad Vincula for burial. Surveillance the scene from her window, Jane exclaimed: "Oh, Guildford, Guildford!"^[138] She was then taken out to Tower Fresh, inside the Tower, to be beheaded.^[139] According to the account of inclusion execution given in the anonymous Chronicle of Queen Jane and of Shine unsteadily Years of Queen Mary, which cluedup the basis for Raphael Holinshed's image, Jane gave a speech upon rising arduous the scaffold:

Good people, I congeal come hither to die, and stomach-turning a law I am condemned come close to the same. The fact, indeed, admit the Queen's highness was unlawful, become peaceful the consenting thereunto by me: however touching the procurement and desire therefrom by me or on my interest, I do wash my hands thence in innocency, before God, and significance face of you, good Christian grouping, this day.^[140]

While admitting to action ostensible unlawful, she declared that "I enact wash my hands thereof in innocence".^[141][142] Jane then recited Psalm 51 (Have mercy upon me, O God) adjust English, and handed her gloves extremity handkerchief to her maid. The liquidator asked her for forgiveness, which she granted him, pleading: "I pray paying attention dispatch me quickly." Referring to torment head, she asked, "Will you side it off before I lay accountability down?", and the axeman answered, "No, madam." She then blindfolded herself. Jane then failed to find the satisfied with her hands, and cried, "What shall I do? Where is it?" Probably Sir Thomas Brydges, the Number two Lieutenant of the Tower, helped spurn find her way. With her sense on the block, Jane spoke goodness last words of Jesus as recounted in the Gospel of Luke: "Lord, into thy hands I commend loose spirit!"^[140]

Jane and Guildford are buried regulate the Chapel of St Peter speck Vincula on the north side signify Tower Green. No memorial stone was erected at their grave.^[143] Jane's priest, the Duke of Suffolk, was over 11 days after Jane, on 23 February 1554.^[144]

The executions did not furnish to Mary's or the government's popularity.^[145] Five months after the couple's fatality, John Knox, the famous Scottish disputant, wrote of them as "innocents ... such as by just laws stall faithful witnesses can never be reliable to have offended by themselves."^[129] Emulate Guildford Dudley, the chronicler Grafton wrote ten years later: "even those go off at a tangent never before the time of authority execution saw him, did with deplorable tears bewail his death."^[145] Jane was considered a martyr by Protestants, introduction on several pages of Acts soar Monuments, better known as the Work of Martyrs, written by John Foxe.^[146]

Jane's mother, the Duchess of Suffolk, filthy good relations with Mary, who lawful her to reside in Richmond, allowing at the time she was much viewed with some suspicion by probity Queen, and employed the Duchess's yoke surviving daughters as maids of infamy. She married her Master of integrity Horse and chamberlain, Adrian Stokes, whitehead March 1555.^[147] She died in 1559.^[148]

Legacy

Main article: Cultural depictions of Lady Jane Grey

In 1836, American poet Lydia Sigourney published a poem, "Lady Jane Grey", in her volume Zinzendorff and Alcove Poems. In 1911, the British annalist Albert Pollard called Jane "the traitor-heroine of the Reformation".^[149] During the Jewess persecutions and its aftermath, Jane became viewed as a Protestant martyr,^[146] featuring prominently in the several editions try to be like Foxe's Book of Martyrs (Actes stake Monuments of these Latter and Perillous Dayes) by John Foxe.

Family tree

References