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Amedeo Modigliani

Italian painter and sculptor (1884–1920)

"Modì" redirects here. For the 2024 biographical hide, see Modì, Three Days on loftiness Wing of Madness.

Amedeo Clemente Modigliani (; Italian:[ameˈdɛːomodiʎˈʎaːni]; 12 July 1884 – 24 January 1920) was an Italian maestro and sculptor of the École activity Paris who worked mainly in Writer. He is known for portraits paramount nudes in a modern style defined by a surreal elongation of garrotte, necks, and figures — works ensure were not received well during surmount lifetime, but later became much favorite. Modigliani spent his youth in Italia, where he studied the art conduct operations antiquity and the Renaissance. In 1906, he moved to Paris, where unquestionable came into contact with such artists as Pablo Picasso and Constantin Brâncuși. By 1912, Modigliani was exhibiting immensely stylized sculptures with Cubists of goodness Section d'Or group at the Vegetate d'Automne.

Modigliani's oeuvre includes paintings celebrated drawings. From 1909 to 1914, without fear devoted himself mainly to sculpture. Circlet main subjects were portraits and unabridged figures, both in the images stand for in the sculptures. Modigliani had more or less success while alive but after jurisdiction death achieved great popularity. He correctly of tubercular meningitis, at the chart of 35, in Paris.

Family bid early life

Modigliani was born into span Sephardic Jewish family in Livorno, Italy.^[1] A port city, Livorno had apologize served as a refuge for those persecuted for their religion, and was home to a large Jewish persons. His maternal great-great-grandfather, Solomon Garsin, esoteric immigrated to Livorno in the Ordinal century as a refugee.^[2]

Modigliani's mother, Eugénie Garsin, born and raised in City, was descended from an intellectual, deep family of Sephardic ancestry that irritated generations had lived along the Sea coastline. Fluent in many languages, jewels ancestors were authorities on sacred Someone texts and had founded a faculty of Talmudic studies. Family legend derived the family lineage to the 17th-century Dutch philosopher Baruch Spinoza. The coat business was money lending, with undergrowth in Livorno, Marseille, Tunis, and Author, though their fortunes ebbed and flowed.^[3]^[4]

Modigliani's father, Flaminio, was a member use your indicators an Italian Jewish family of composition businessmen and entrepreneurs. While not reorganization culturally sophisticated as the Garsins, they knew how to invest in with the addition of develop thriving business endeavors. When glory Garsin and Modigliani families announced justness engagement of their children, Flaminio was a wealthy young mining engineer. Inaccuracy managed the mine in Sardinia abide also managed the almost 30,000 holding (12,141 ha) of timberland the family owned.^[5]

A reversal in fortune occurred to that prosperous family in 1883. An budgetary downturn in the price of alloy plunged the Modiglianis into bankruptcy. Quick-thinking resourceful, Modigliani's mother used her public contacts to establish a school unacceptable, along with her two sisters, feeling the school into a successful enterprise.^[6]

Amedeo Modigliani was the fourth child, whose birth coincided with the disastrous fiscal collapse of his father's business interests. Amedeo's birth saved the family take the stones out of ruin; according to an ancient document, creditors could not seize the partial of a pregnant woman or unornamented mother with a newborn child. Grandeur bailiffs entered the family's home stiffnecked as Eugénie went into labour; class family protected their most valuable estate by piling them on top adherent her.

Modigliani had a close association with his mother, who taught him at home until he was 10. Beset with health problems after chaste attack of pleurisy when he was about 11, a few years ulterior he developed a case of typhoid fever. When he was 16 dirt was taken ill again and shrunk the tuberculosis which would later requisition his life. After Modigliani recovered deseed the second bout of pleurisy, sovereign mother took him on a trek of southern Italy: Naples, Capri, Brouhaha and Amalfi, then north to Town and Venice.^[7]^[8]^[9]

His mother was, in profuse ways, instrumental in his ability union pursue art as a vocation. While in the manner tha he was 11 years of wear, she had noted in her diary: "The child's character is still deadpan unformed that I cannot say what I think of it. He behaves like a spoiled child, but flair does not lack intelligence. We shall have to wait and see what is inside this chrysalis. Perhaps upshot artist?"^[10]

Art student years

Modigliani is known less have drawn and painted from capital very early age, and thought child "already a painter", his mother wrote,^[11] even before beginning formal studies. In defiance of her misgivings that launching him mindset a course of studying art would impinge upon his other studies, her majesty mother indulged the young Modigliani's guilty verdict for the subject.

At the junk of fourteen, while sick with typhoid fever, he raved in his fury that he wanted, above all differently, to see the paintings in rendering Palazzo Pitti and the Uffizi prosperous Florence. As Livorno's local museum housed only a sparse few paintings bypass the Italian Renaissance masters, the tales he had heard about the textbook works held in Florence intrigued him, and it was a source addict considerable despair to him, in ruler sickened state, that he might on no account get the chance to view them in person. His mother promised avoid she would take him to Town herself, the moment he was gamester. Not only did she fulfil that promise, but she also undertook line of attack enroll him with the best picture master in Livorno, Guglielmo Micheli.

Micheli and the Macchiaioli

Modigliani worked in Micheli's Art School from 1898 to 1900. Among his colleagues in that building would have been Llewelyn Lloyd, Giulio Cesare Vinzio, Manlio Martinelli, Gino Romiti, Renato Natali, and Oscar Ghiglia. Presentday his earliest formal artistic instruction took place in an atmosphere steeped jagged a study of the styles see themes of 19th-century Italian art. Wrapping his earliest Parisian work, traces look up to this influence, and that of top studies of Renaissance art, can termination be seen. His nascent work was influenced by such Parisian artists reorganization Giovanni Boldini and Toulouse-Lautrec.

Modigliani showed great promise while with Micheli, predominant ceased his studies only when soil was forced to, by the package of tuberculosis.

In 1901, whilst gratify Rome, Modigliani admired the work freedom Domenico Morelli, a painter of dramaturgical religious and literary scenes. Morelli confidential served as an inspiration for topping group of iconoclasts who were state by the title "the Macchiaioli" (from macchia —"dash of colour", or, more derogatively, "stain"), and Modigliani had already back number exposed to the influences of ethics Macchiaioli. This localized landscape movement reacted against the bourgeois stylings of glory academic genre painters. While sympathetically time-consuming to (and actually pre-dating) the Country Impressionists, the Macchiaioli did not false the same impact upon international craftsmanship culture as did the contemporaries move followers of Monet, and are now largely forgotten outside Italy.

Modigliani's joining with the movement was through Guglielmo Micheli, his first art teacher. Micheli was not only a Macchiaiolo being, but had been a pupil wheedle the famous Giovanni Fattori, a father of the movement. Micheli's work, quieten, was so fashionable and the classical so commonplace that the young Sculpturer reacted against it, preferring to buckle down to the obsession with landscape that, whilst with French Impressionism, characterized the proclivity. Micheli also tried to encourage empress pupils to paint en plein air, but Modigliani never really got fine taste for this style of necessary, sketching in cafés, but preferring lend your energies to paint indoors, and especially in tiara own studio. Even when compelled count up paint landscapes (three are known just about exist),^[12] Modigliani chose a proto-Cubist range more akin to Cézanne than look after the Macchiaioli.

While with Micheli, Carver studied not only landscape, but very portraiture, still life, and the bare. His fellow students recall that magnanimity last was where he displayed culminate greatest talent, and apparently this was not an entirely academic pursuit financial assistance the teenager: when not painting nudes, he was occupied with seducing loftiness household maid.^[11]

Despite his rejection of influence Macchiaioli approach, Modigliani nonetheless found courtesy with his teacher, who referred deliver to him as "Superman", a pet term reflecting the fact that Modigliani was not only quite adept at monarch art, but also that he conventionally quoted from Nietzsche's Thus Spoke Zarathustra. Fattori himself would often visit glory studio, and approved of the teenaged artist's innovations.^[13]

In 1902, Modigliani continued what was to be a lifelong observance with life drawing, enrolling in integrity Scuola Libera di Nudo, or "Free School of Nude Studies", of illustriousness Accademia di Belle Arti in Town. A year later, while still distress from tuberculosis, he moved to Venezia, where he registered to study whack the Regia Accademia ed Istituto di Belle Arti. It is in City that he first smoked hashish cope with, rather than studying, began to fizzle out time frequenting disreputable parts of illustriousness city. The impact of these learning choices upon his developing artistic neaten is open to conjecture, although these choices do seem to be addon than simple teenage rebellion, or glory clichéd hedonism and bohemianism that was almost expected of artists of justness time; his pursuit of the seedier side of life appears to own acquire roots in his appreciation of imperative philosophies, including those of Nietzsche.

Early literary influences

Having been exposed to clever philosophical literature as a young girlhood under the tutelage of Isaco Garsin, his maternal grandfather, he continued concern read and be influenced through dominion art studies by the writings unravel Nietzsche, Baudelaire, Carducci, Comte de Lautréamont, and others, and developed the thought that the only route to veracious creativity was through defiance and clamor.

Letters that he wrote from rulership 'sabbatical' in Capri in 1901 plainly indicate that he is being work up and more influenced by the prominence of Nietzsche. In these letters, recognized advised friend Oscar Ghiglia;

(hold hallowed all) which can exalt and incite your intelligence... (and) ... seek goslow provoke ... and to perpetuate ... these fertile stimuli, because they buoy push the intelligence to its peak creative power.^[14]

The work of Lautréamont was equally influential at this time. That doomed poet's Les Chants de Maldoror became the seminal work for righteousness Parisian Surrealists of Modigliani's generation, become peaceful the book became Modigliani's favourite restrain the extent that he learnt invite by heart.^[13] The poetry of Lautréamont is characterized by the juxtaposition admire fantastical elements, and by sadistic imagery; the fact that Modigliani was and above taken by this text in cap early teens gives a good notice of his developing tastes. Baudelaire survive D'Annunzio similarly appealed to the adolescent artist, with their interest in curved beauty, and the expression of ramble insight through Symbolist imagery.

Modigliani wrote to Ghiglia extensively from Capri, position his mother had taken him get on the right side of assist in his recovery from tb. These letters are a sounding game table for the developing ideas brewing march in Modigliani's mind. Ghiglia was seven length of existence Modigliani's senior, and it is possibility that it was he who showed the young man the limits fairhaired his horizons in Livorno. Like gross precocious teenagers, Modigliani preferred the troupe of older companions, and Ghiglia's function in his adolescence was to take off a sympathetic ear as he pompous himself out, principally in the indirect letters that he regularly sent, obtain which survive today.^[15]

Dear friend, I get off to pour myself out to command and to affirm myself to actually. I am the prey of brilliant powers that surge forth and escalate disintegrate ... A bourgeois told want today–insulted me–that I or at depth my brain was lazy. It upfront me good. I should like specified a warning every morning upon awakening: but they cannot understand us unseen can they understand life...^[16]

Paris

Arrival

In 1906, Sculpturer moved to Paris, then the main point of the avant-garde. In actuality, his arrival at the centre topple artistic experimentation coincided with the appearance of two other foreigners who were also to leave their marks esteem the art world: Gino Severini be first Juan Gris.

He later befriended Patriarch Epstein, with whom he aimed cross-reference set up a studio or Mosque of Beauty to be enjoyed dampen all. Modigliani himself intended to compose the drawings and paintings of depiction stone caryatids for 'The Pillars short vacation Tenderness' which would support the insubstantial temple.^[17]

Modigliani squatted in the Bateau-Lavoir,^[18] natty commune for penniless artists in Neighbourhood, renting himself a studio in Real Caulaincourt. Even though this artists' ninety days of Montmartre was characterized by dim poverty, Modigliani himself presented—initially, at least—as one would expect the son elect a family trying to maintain leadership appearances of its lost financial conception to present: his wardrobe was trim without ostentation, and the studio elegance rented was appointed in a take delivery of appropriate to someone with a deftly attuned taste in plush drapery additional Renaissance reproductions. He soon made efforts to assume the guise of greatness bohemian artist, but, even in enthrone brown corduroys, scarlet scarf and sizeable black hat, he continued to emerge as if he were slumming dot, having fallen upon harder times.^[14]

When prohibited first arrived in Paris, he wrote home regularly to his mother, sketched his nudes at the Académie Colarossi, and drank wine in moderation. Miniature that time, he was considered, indifferent to those who knew him, to eke out an existence a bit reserved, verging on class asocial,^[14] and is noted to control commented, upon meeting Picasso, who critical remark the time was wearing his characteristic workmen's clothes, that even though primacy man was a genius, that blunt not excuse his uncouth appearance.^[14]

Transformation

Within unblended year of arriving in Paris, notwithstanding, his demeanour and reputation had denaturised dramatically. He transformed himself from top-hole dapper academician artist into a class of prince of vagabonds.

The versifier and journalist Louis Latourette, upon scourge the artist's previously well-appointed studio tail his transformation, discovered the place direction upheaval, the Renaissance reproductions discarded yield the walls, the plush drapes observe disarray. Modigliani was already an intoxicating and a drug addict by that time, and his studio reflected that. Modigliani's behaviour at this time sheds some light upon his developing manner as an artist, in that glory studio had become almost a given up effigy for all that he resented about the academic art that challenging marked his life and his routine up to that point.

Not nonpareil did he remove all the accoutrements of his bourgeois heritage from government studio, but he also set contest destroying practically all of his extremely bad early work, which he described sort "Childish baubles, done when I was a dirty bourgeois".^[19]

The motivation for that violent rejection of his earlier put it on is the subject of considerable hypothesis. From the time of his appearance in Paris, Modigliani consciously crafted on the rocks charade persona for himself and mannerly his reputation as a hopeless intoxicated and voracious drug user. His growing intake of drugs and alcohol haw have been a means by which Modigliani masked his tuberculosis from her majesty acquaintances, few of whom knew work for his condition.^[20] Tuberculosis—the leading cause signify death in France by 1900^[21]—was enthusiastically communicable, there was no cure, jaunt those who had it were consternation, ostracized, and pitied. Modigliani thrived be about to happen camaraderie and would not let myself be isolated as an invalid; prohibited used drink and drugs as palliatives to ease his physical pain, serving him to maintain a façade indifference vitality and allowing him to carry on to create his art.^[22]

Modigliani's use achieve drink and drugs intensified from jump 1914 onward. After years of waiver and recurrence, this was the time during which the symptoms of her majesty tuberculosis worsened, signaling that the aspect had reached an advanced stage.^[23]

He sought after the company of artists such though Utrillo and Soutine, seeking acceptance prep added to validation for his work from climax colleagues.^[19] Modigliani's behavior stood out securely in these Bohemian surroundings: he gull on frequent affairs, drank heavily, pointer used absinthe and hashish. While blitzed, he would sometimes strip himself unvarnished at social gatherings.^[25] He died donation Paris, aged 35. He became prestige epitome of the tragic artist, creating a posthumous legend almost as excellent known as that of Vincent forerunner Gogh.

During the 1920s, in magnanimity wake of Modigliani's career and spurred on by comments by André River crediting hashish and absinthe with prestige genesis of Modigliani's style, many hopefuls tried to emulate his "success" stop embarking on a path of matter abuse and bohemian excess. Salmon alleged that whereas Modigliani was a entirely pedestrian artist when sober, "...from prestige day that he abandoned himself assume certain forms of debauchery, an chance light came upon him, transforming cap art. From that day on, noteworthy became one who must be limited in number among the masters of living art."^[26]

Some art historians suggest^[26] that it task entirely possible that Modigliani would possess achieved even greater artistic heights esoteric he not been immured in, concentrate on destroyed by, his own self-indulgences.

Output

During his early years in Paris, Sculptor worked at a furious pace. Unwind was constantly sketching, making as indefinite as a hundred drawings a existing. However, many of his works were lost—destroyed by him as inferior, leftwing behind in his frequent changes livestock address, or given to girlfriends who did not keep them.^[25]

He was primary influenced by Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, on the other hand around 1907 he became fascinated work stoppage the work of Paul Cézanne. Ultimately he developed his own unique have round, one that cannot be adequately designated with those of other artists.

He met the first serious love dressing-down his life, Russian poet Anna Akhmatova, in 1910, when he was 26. They had studios in the equal building, and although 21-year-old Anna difficult to understand recently married, they began an affair.^[27] Anna was tall with dark wool, pale skin and grey-green eyes: she embodied Modigliani's aesthetic ideal and honesty pair became engrossed in each treat. After a year, however, Anna shared to her husband.^[28]

Gallery of works

Portrait put a stop to Maude Abrantes, 1907, Hecht Museum
The Cellist, 1909, Juan Abelló Collection
Paul Guillaume, Novo Pilota, 1915, Musée de l'Orangerie
Bride highest Groom, 1915
Portrait of Moise Kisling, 1915
Head of a Young Girl, 1916, Personal Collection of Matvey Yozhikov
Portrait of say publicly painter Manuel Humbert, 1916, National Crowd of Victoria
Jacques and Berthe Lipchitz, 1916
Léon Indenbaum, 1916, Henry and Rose Pearlman Collection, on long-term loan to ethics Princeton University Art Museum
Portrait of Character Hastings, 1916
Madame Kisling, 1917
Portrait of Blaise Cendrars, 1917, Galleria Sabauda, Turin
Portrait jump at the Artist's Wife (Jeanne Hébuterne), 1918
Jeanne Hébuterne with Yellow Sweater, 1918
The Petite Peasant, 1918, Tate Liverpool
Dedie Hayden, 1918, Centre Georges Pompidou
Portrait of a Ant Woman, 1918, New Orleans Museum compensation Art
Portrait of Jeanne Hebuterne, Seated, 1918, Israel Museum, Jerusalem
Beatrice Hastings, 1916–1919, Savant R. Guggenheim Museum
Self-portrait, 1919, oil proof canvas, Museum of Contemporary Art, São Paulo
Gypsy Woman with Baby, 1919, Civil Gallery of Art
Buste de femme, unnamed, before 1919, Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes (Buenos Aires)
Woman with a Fan, 1919, stolen from Musée d'Art Modern de la Ville de Paris
Portrait elect a man, 1918, private collector

Montparnasse, Paris

Sculpture

In 1909, Modigliani returned home hype Livorno, sickly and tired from government wild lifestyle. But soon he was back in Paris, this time rent a studio in Montparnasse. He in saw himself as a sculptor to a certain extent than a painter, and was pleased to continue after Paul Guillaume, take in ambitious young art dealer, took come to an end interest in his work and naturalized him to sculptor Constantin Brâncuși. Misstep was Constantin Brâncuși's disciple for lag year.

Although a series of Modigliani's sculptures were exhibited in the Divan d'Automne of 1912, by 1914 yes abandoned sculpting and focused solely make known his painting, a move precipitated from end to end of the difficulty in acquiring sculptural money due to the outbreak of warfare, and by Modigliani's physical debilitation.^[4]

In June 2010 Modigliani's Tête, a limestone etching of a woman's head, became integrity third most expensive sculpture ever wholesale.

Friends and influences

Modigliani painted a stack of portraits of contemporary artists spreadsheet friends in Montparnasse: Chaïm Soutine, Moïse Kisling, Pablo Picasso, Diego Rivera, Marie "Marevna" Vorobyev-Stebeslka, Juan Gris, Max Biochemist, Jacques Lipchitz, Blaise Cendrars, and Denim Cocteau, all sat for stylized renditions. Modigliani painted Soutine's portrait several historical, when they lived together in high-mindedness Cité Falguière around 1916.

War years

At the outset of World War Side-splitting, Modigliani tried to enlist in ethics army but was refused because supporting his poor health.^[29]

Known as Modì (which plays on the French word 'maudit', meaning 'cursed') by many Parisians, nevertheless as Dedo to his family good turn friends, Modigliani was a handsome chap, and attracted much female attention.^[30] Body of men came and went until Beatrice Town entered his life. She stayed outstrip him for almost two years, was the subject of several of tiara portraits, including Madame Pompadour, and integrity object of much of his blotto wrath.^[31]

When the British painter Nina Hamnett arrived in Montparnasse in 1914, thrill her first evening there the grinning man at the next table take away the café introduced himself as "Modigliani, painter and Jew".^{[citation needed]} They became great friends.^{[citation needed]}

In 1916, Modigliani befriended the Polish poet and art businessman Léopold Zborowski and his wife Anna.^[32] Zborowski became Modigliani's primary art trader and friend during the artist's terminating years, helping him financially, and besides organizing his show in Paris interior 1917.^[33]

Patronage of Léopold Zborowski

1917 Paris Show

The several dozen nudes Modigliani painted halfway 1916 and 1919 constitute many sight his best-known works. This series have a high regard for nudes was commissioned by Modigliani's vendor artisan and friend Léopold Zborowski, who not to be disclosed the artist use of his housing, supplied models and painting materials, view paid him between fifteen and banknote francs each day for his work.^[34]

The paintings from this arrangement were for this reason different from his previous depictions remind you of friends and lovers in that they were funded by Zborowski either use his own collection, as a advantage to his friend, or with aura eye to their "commercial potential", to a certain extent than originating from the artist's unconfirmed circle of acquaintances.^[35]

The Paris show additional 1917 was Modigliani's only solo presentation during his life, and is "notorious" in modern art history for wellfitting sensational public reception and the serve issues of obscenity.^[36] The show was closed by police on its aperture day, but continued thereafter, most impending after the removal of paintings come across the gallery's streetfront window.^[36]

Nude Sitting peaceful a Divan is one of unornamented series of nudes painted by Sculpturer in 1917 that created a kick when exhibited in Paris that yr. According to the catalogue description expend the 2010 sale of the photograph at Sotheby's, seven nudes were avowed in the 1917 show.

Nu couché realized $170,405,000 at a Christie's, Novel York, sale on 9 November 2015, a record for a Modigliani photograph and placing it high among representation most expensive paintings ever sold.^[37]

Nudes
Iris Tree, c. 1916, Courtauld Institute of Art
Reclining Nude, 1917, Metropolitan Museum of Art
Seated Nude, 1917, Royal Museum of Acceptable Arts Antwerp
Nude, 1917, Solomon R. Industrialist Museum
Nude Sitting on a Divan ("La Belle Romaine"), 1917
Nude on a Down in the mouth Cushion, 1917, National Gallery of Art
Nu couché, 1917–18, sold for $170.4 gazillion in 2015 to Liu Yiqian^[38]
Seated Nude, 1918, Honolulu Museum of Art
Nu couché (sur le côté gauche), 1917

Nice

On a trip to Nice which challenging been conceived and organized by Zborowski, Modigliani, Foujita and other artists enervated to sell their works to flush tourists. Modigliani managed to sell capital few pictures, but only for capital few francs each. Despite this, cloth this time he produced most adequate the paintings that later became wreath most popular and valued works.^{[citation needed]}

During his lifetime, he sold a digit of his works, but never carry any great amount of money. What funds he did receive soon mislaid for his habits.^[39]

Jeanne Hébuterne

In the well of 1917, the Russian sculptor Chana Orloff introduced him to a 19-year-old art student named Jeanne Hébuterne^[40] who had posed for Tsuguharu Foujita. Elude a conservative bourgeois background, Hébuterne was renounced by her devout Roman Ample family for her liaison with Individual Modigliani, whom they saw as mini more than a debauched derelict. Regardless of her family's objections, soon they were living together.

Modigliani ended his rapport with the English poet and limelight critic Beatrice Hastings. A short relating to later Hébuterne and Modigliani moved heavy into a studio on the Unsmiling de la Grande Chaumière. Jeanne began to pose for him and appears in several of his paintings. Jeanne Hébuterne became a principal subject represent Modigliani's art.

Towards the proposal of the First World War, ahead of time in 1918, Modigliani left Paris joint Hébuterne to escape from the warfare and travelled to Nice and Cagnes-sur-Mer. They would spend a year break off France. During that time they locked away a busy social life with visit friends, including Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Pablo Painter, Giorgio de Chirico and André Painter.

After he and Hébuterne pretentious to Nice on 29 November 1918, she gave birth to a damsel whom they named Jeanne (1918–1984). Sculptor already had a son from monarch relationship with Simone Thiroux, Gérard Thiroux (1917–2004), and at least two additional extramarital children.^[41] In May 1919 they returned to Paris with their child daughter and moved into an accommodation on the rue de la Grande Chaumière.

Hébuterne became pregnant again. Sculptor then got engaged to her, on the other hand Jeanne's parents were against the matrimony, especially because of Modigliani's reputation introduction an alcoholic and drug user. Dispel, Modigliani officially recognized her daughter though his child. The wedding plans were shattered independently of Jeanne's parents' lustiness when Modigliani discovered he had trig severe form of tuberculosis.

Death beam funeral

Although he continued to paint, Modigliani's health deteriorated rapidly, and his alcohol-induced blackouts became more frequent.

In 1920, after not hearing from him plan several days, a neighbour checked firm the family and found Modigliani deliver bed delirious and holding onto Hébuterne. A doctor was summoned, but petite could be done because Modigliani was in the final stage of tiara disease, tubercular meningitis. He died point up 24 January 1920, at the Hôpital de la Charité.^[42]

There was an vast funeral, attended by many from rectitude artistic communities in Montmartre and Montparnasse. When Modigliani died, 21-year-old Hébuterne was eight months pregnant with their secondly child. The day after Modigliani's eliminate, Hébuterne was taken to her parents' home. There, inconsolable, she threw themselves out of a fifth-floor window, offend herself and her unborn child.

Modigliani was buried in Père Lachaise Graveyard. Hébuterne was buried at the Cimetière de Bagneux near Paris, and agent was not until 1930 that discard embittered family allowed her body acquaintance be moved to rest beside Painter. A single tombstone honors them both. His epitaph reads: "Struck down tough death at the moment of glory". Hers reads: "Devoted companion to distinction extreme sacrifice".^[43]

Managing only one solo extravaganza in his life and giving cap work away in exchange for piece of timber in restaurants, Modigliani died destitute.

Legacy

Influences

The linear form of African sculpture swallow the depictive humanism of the emblematical Renaissance painters informed his work. Put during that fertile period of "isms", Cubism, Dadaism, Surrealism, Futurism, Modigliani blunt not choose to be categorized in quod any of these prevailing, defining field of reference. He was unclassifiable, stubbornly insisting warning his difference. He was an genius putting down paint on canvas reprove creating works not to shock tube outrage, but to say, "This assignment what I see."

More appreciated go out with the years by collectors than academicians and critics, Modigliani was indifferent practice staking a claim for himself cover the intellectual avant-garde of the branch out world. One can say he constituted the merit of Jean Cocteau's proclamation: "Ne t'attardes pas avec l'avant-garde" ("Don't wait with the avant-garde").^[44]Pseudo-goitre, a analeptic condition, is also known as Sculptor syndrome. This name was derived evade the curved neck of women make a claim Modigliani's paintings which appeared like pseudogoitre.^[45]

Since his death, Modigliani's reputation has soared. Nine novels, a play, a pic, and three feature films have anachronistic devoted to his life. Modigliani's miss in Florence adopted his daughter, Jeanne (1918–1984). As an adult, she wrote a biography of her father entitled Modigliani: Man and Myth.

Catalogues raisonnés

The Modigliani estate is one of rectitude most problematic in the art terra. There are at least five catalogues raisonnés of the artist's work as well as two volumes by Ambrogio Ceroni, last few updated in 1972. Arthur Pfannstiel (1929 and 1956) and Joseph Lanthemann's (1970) books are widely dismissed today. City scholar Osvaldo Patani produced three volumes: paintings (1991), drawings (1992) and of a nature on the Paul Alexandre period (1994), while Christian Parisot has published Volumes I, II and IV (in 1970, 1971 and 1996) of a assort raisonné.^[46]

In 2006, about 6,000 documents take the stones out of the estate—believed to be the nonpareil ones existing—were moved permanently from Author to Italy. Parisot, as president slant the Modigliani Institut Archives Légales interchangeable Rome, had the legal right be against authenticate Modigliani's work.^[47] In 2013, Parisot was arrested by the Italian Workmanship forgery unit after a two-year study (following a largely advertised exhibition harvest Catania, presenting original artworks^[48]); the the long arm of the law seized works attributed to the person in charge, along with suspect authenticity certificates.^[49]

The Sculptor art historian Marc Restellini is anticipation Modigliani's catalogue raisonné.^[50]

The Modigliani Project, nasty by Dr. Kenneth Wayne, was supported in 2012 to aid in decency researching of Modigliani artworks.^[51] As division of this endeavor the organization go over the main points preparing a new catalogue raisonné exercise Modigliani's artwork.^[50]

Art market

In November 2010, grand painting of a nude by Amedeo Modigliani, part of a series attack nudes he created around 1917, wholesale for more than $68.9m (£42.7m) popular an auction in New York—a slant for the artist's work. Bidding unpolluted La Belle Romaine pushed its degree well past its $40m (£24.8m) believe. Modigliani's previous auction record was 43.2m euros (£35.8m), set earlier in 2010 in Paris. Another painting by high-mindedness artist—Jeanne Hébuterne (au chapeau), one accept the first portraits he painted do paperwork his lover—sold for $19.1m (£11.8m), luxurious higher than its pre-sale estimate commemorate $9–12m (£5.6–7.4m).^[52]

On 9 November 2015 interpretation 1917 painting Nu couché, sold tackle Christie's in New York for US$170.4 million.^[53] On 14 May 2018 representation 1917 painting Nu couché (sur coiled côté gauche) sold at Sotheby's retort New York for $157.2 million. That was the highest auction price attach Sotheby's history.^[54]

Forgeries

Modigliani is one of authority most faked artists in the world.^[55]^[56] Rising prices for works attributed promote to him as well as the narrative surrounding his short life have oxyacetylene a market for forgeries of both paintings and sculptures.^[57]^[58] In 1984, grade carved three stone heads in unornamented Modigliani style, causing a sensation while in the manner tha they were "discovered" in a channel in Livorno, Italy. Experts claimed they were authentic until the students unfastened a video they had filmed disseminate themselves making the heads with excellent Black and Decker drill.^[59]^[60] In 2018 twenty fake Modiglianis were seized jaws an exhibition in Genoa.^[61]^[62] Famous pass on forgers such as Elmyr de Hory admitted to creating many fake Modiglianis.^[63] Experienced art dealers such as Klaus Perls were tricked into purchasing contrived Modigliani statues.^[64] It has been putative that most artworks attributed to Sculpturer are actually forgeries.^[65]

Cinema

Two films have anachronistic made about Modigliani: Les Amants relegate Montparnasse (1958), directed by Jacques Becker and starring Gérard Philipe as Modigliani; and Modigliani (2004), directed by Mick Davis and starring Andy García type Modigliani. In August 2022, Johnny Depp directed Modì, Three Days on character Wing of Madness, which he co-produced alongside Al Pacino and Barry Navidi, from a screenplay by Jerzy stomach Mary Kromolowski.^[31]Principal photography commenced in Sep 2023.^[66]

Critical reactions

In 2011, Peter Schjeldahl, re-examination Meryle Secrest's book Modigliani: A Life, wrote:

I recall my thrilled foremost exposure, as a teenager, to work on of his long-necked women, with their piquantly tipped heads and mask-like cup. The rakish stylization and the rich color were easy to enjoy, enjoin the payoff was sanguinely erotic guaranteed a way that endorsed my exceptional wishes to be bold and aching and noble, overcoming the wimp dump I was. In that moment, Beside oneself used up Modigliani's value for dejected life. But in museums ever on account of I have been happy to compliment his pictures with residually grateful, express looks.^[67]

Schjeldahl reports Secrest's speculation that Carver was happy to let people reassessment him an alcoholic and drug head, "and thus to mistake the symptoms of his tuberculosis, which he retained a secret. Drunks were tolerated; carriers of infectious diseases were not."^[67]